Risk Areas Of The Royal Bank Of Canada Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1299 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) is the largest bank in Canada in terms of the assets and market capitalization. It provides diversified financial services including Canadian and international banking for personal users and commercial users, wealth management services, insurance, corporate and investment banking, capital markets and transaction processing services. Risks are lack of certainty of outcome and they are measured by set of probabilities in order to estimate the loss. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Areas Of The Royal Bank Of Canada Finance Essay" essay for you Create order A superior wealthy financial service company should be able to solve any expected risks and unexpected risks to minimize the loss for all shareholders. The main purpose of this report is to examine how a financial intermediary faces the potential risk management challenges. The purpose of this research paper is to identify three major risk areas that Royal Bank of Canada has identified in its annual report. We will target one of these risks and provide further information on the actions that the bank takes to manage that risk. The sources of information will be the banks website, annual report by the banks and the concept that we have learned from this course and other sources as well. Risk Management The management of Royal Bank discussed different type of risk management in its 2010 annual report. The analysis is provided to enable the existing or potential clients, shareholders to assess how RBC has managed the risks with proper rules and guidelines. Royal Bank has an unique system to manage the following risks: credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, strategic risk, regulatory and legal risk, reputation risk, insurance risk, environment risk and other risk factors. In this report, three major risk areas that we will be briefly discussed are credit risk, market risk and reputation risk. Credit risk will be analyzed in detailed. 1) Credit risk Credit risk is 2) Market risk Market risk is 3) Reputation risk Reputation is one of the successful factors in all businesses or organizations. A good reputation can build trust and confidence with the clients and the shareholders. Reputation risk is a possible risk that the organization or its representative Detailed Examination on Credit Risk Let us define credit risk in two ways. The first way is how Saunders defines it. The textbook defines credit risk as not getting paid in full, whereas RBC defines credit risk not getting paid at all. This term varies across organizations. RBC is exposed to credit risk in many ways since they offer a wide variety of services and products in Canada and around the world that rely on customers credit. In almost all of their products it is trust-based, and credit-based.  Some of these services and products include: asset-backed financing margin lending securities lending and project finance loans credit cards lines and letters of credit, residential and commercial mortgages. How the Bank Examine the Credit Risk The way RBC examines risk is by quantifying the credit risk, at both individual and portfolio levels, with an aim to minimize expected and unexpected losses. They use different tools to assess risk for wholesale and retail portfolios. The wholesale aspect consists of med to large size businesses, sovereign and bank exposures, while the retail portfolios consist of residential mortgages, lines of credit, credit cards, and small business loans. RBC makes an approach in two ways under the Basel II, Advanced Internal Rating Based and Standardized. The key parameters they use can be broken into 3 parts: Probability of Default (PD): measures the probability of default by a obligor within one-year of signing the contract for a loan. Exposure at default (EAD): the remaining amount owed to the bank at the time default. Loss given default (LGD): estimated percentage of the EAD that will not be recovered in the event of default. When it comes to rated exposures, mainly in the bank classes, RBC assigns the risk-weight based on OSFIs standardized mapping. When it comes to unrated exposures, mainly in the small business and retail classes, RBC will generally apply pre-determined risk weights brought on by OSFI along with the guidelines that theyve set, where they consider techniques to deal with exposure type, credit risk mitigation and counterparty. Wholesale credit Portfolio This system built to measure the credit risk in their wholesale lending activities. How this system works is each obligor is assigned a borrowers risk rating or BRR and every BRR is assigned PD. The BRR is essentially what differentiates one borrower from another in terms how likely they will have a hard time paying back their obligations if things do right in the economy. Retail credit Portfolio When it comes to the retail portfolios, credit scoring is way of assessing primary risk of an obligor in paying its debt. Credit scoring is achieved by acquiring new clien ts, or by managing existing clients to estimate future credit performance. During the acquisition scoring model, credit risk on a person is established based on past employment data, or other external credit bureaus to estimate future credit performance. So the best example would be a person just applying for a first time credit card. Usually students are in this category. Those who never had one usually begin with a low limit credit card until they develop a credit history. Behavioural scoring is a continuous monitoring process on a persons credit. The best example for this would be a person getting their very first credit card and been using it for some time. The bank that issued this persons card and took a risk by issuing this card, can now observe his or her performance and determine their credibility for future references. Every banks main purpose is to minimize default risk and to reduce the chances of giving somebody some loans or credit that they might not recover at all. After a person has been using credit cards for some time, it is easier to get approved the second time since they have established a credit history with another bank already. What determines a good credit is if the person has been paying their debt on time, making the minimum payments on time, whether they applied for a loan or not, thing of that nature. Applying for too many credit cards can also reduce someones credit rating and it takes a long time to recover from a bad credit. One important place that we never think of that dips out credit rating is at the dealerships. Even if you go in just to take a look at the car you want, the next thing is before you buy a car, the salesperson will ask for a drivers license to have your credit checked to see if youre eligible for a loan commitment to own the car. Sometime we get in the moment and dont think about it but does bring down your credit rating. One example of that is, I was interested in a Dodge so I kept going into diffe rent Dodge dealerships asking about that one car. Everywhere I went they asked to check my credit. At one point my credit went from Approved to Not Approved because I had my credit checked everywhere, sometimes in other provinces in case I wanted to have the car brought to BC. When I went to Ford dealership for another car, the finance manager printed out my credit history and asked me why I had so many Dodge listed. After I explained my situation, he advised me that was the reason my credit dropped but knew otherwise it would be more than enough to get a Ford, so I was approved! Credit Risk Mitigation Structuring of transaction: Includes the use of guarantees, security, seniority and covenants. The third-party guarantors that RBC deals with are primarily Sovereign-sponsored agencies. Collateral: RBC makes sure they receive some sort of collateral on larger loans, depending on the borrower, and what type of loan.

Erikson´s Theory of Development Story of My Life Essay

No matter who you are I believe that everyone will go through stages in their life that will get them to where they are on today. I am a person who has a very interesting story; this is the first time it will be told in full. We were asked to use Erik Erikson’s theory of development as a guideline to telling the story of our lives. At first I was very nervous; however, I soon realized that this would be a fun task. Erik Erikson has eight stages of Development (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman). I will be walking you though my life using each one of his stages drawing out the map of my life. Within my life I have had some very interesting encounters. I have been through foster care, abuse, rape, molestation, starvation, adoption, depression, and†¦show more content†¦I would have to say this because I was very young and I didn’t know who I could trust. The older I got the more I struggled with this stage. I would say I struggled because you could never know who the right person was to trust. Another stage I would say I went through at this time is â€Å"Initiative Versus Guilt† (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman). This is when a child learns to build relationships and or has a hard time doing so. Although I was very social, I was unable to know how to make friends. I would always feel guilty and would never know why I felt that way. At the age of six I was officially adopted by the Henry family. My name was changed, my history was left behind. Not only was my history left behind, however, so where my siblings. My parents were not able to adopt us all, causing all of to have to split up. This is one of the most traumatic moments in my life. I still remember being pried from my little brother’s arms, one of the most traumatic events in my life. I would have to say I was going through Identity versus role confusion at this time. Being adopted, for a long time, meant to me that I did not belong. I did not know who my brothers and sisters were. I also didn’t know my mother and father, which caused an emotional hit on me. This caused me to feel like I didn’t have an identity. I was confused and was unsure of how to deal with the stress that was being thrown at me. I would have to say theShow MoreRelatedThe Theorist I Choose For This Paper That I Believe I Relate1509 Words   |  7 Pageschoose for this paper that I believe I relate to the most is Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson is best known for his theory on identity, which was a theory that was broadened from Sigmund Freud while retaining its core work (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2013). Erik Erikson’s mother, who was Jewish, became pregnant but a man that was not her husband after her husband’s disappearance. She was sent to Germany, where she gave birth to Erik. Erik Erikson grew up believing his pediatrician was his biological fatherRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreEssay about Lifespan Development and Eriksons Stages of Development1644 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan development is essential, as it is the changes that happen to us throughout a person’s lifespan. Our development occurs at ages stages where we develop from infancy till death. This essay will contain my life story to display the domains in 5 age stages in my lifespan development. The domains I will be exploring is in this essay is physical, emotional, cognitive, social, cultural and m oral domain. The influence of biological and environmental play a significant role in my development. DevelopmentRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1381 Words   |  6 Pagesin order to devise their statuses. The narrator, Nick Carraway, is disparate from others due to the place he grew up which is exemplified when he moves to New York from the Midwest. Tom Buchanan satisfies his desire for love by having women in his life as well as his wife Daisy. Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan have been fond of each other since they met many years ago and their love for one another made Gatsby determined to create a new rich and extravagant lifestyle in order to completely win overRead MoreSpiritual Formation1595 Words   |  7 Pageswill try to illustrate my hypothesis of spiritual formation throughout the lifespan by using my interpretation of a collection of theories. The theories I will refer to include Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, and Kohlberg’s Development of Moral Reasoning Theory. In Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, he develops a theory of cognitive development that occurs in stages from persons under two years of age through age 14. Piaget’s theory relates to the cognitiveRead MoreErik Erickson Was A Man Who Made A Huge Contribution In884 Words   |  4 Pageswhat he came up with to be called the developmental theory. â€Å"Each stage brings a psychosocial crisis involving transitions in important social relationships† (Weiten 350). According to Erickson, every person must go through a series of eight interrelated stages over their entire life cycle. â€Å"Each stage is presented as two opposing statements representing the challenges a person faces at a particular age† (Erickson’s Eight Stages of Development 1). Erickson was influenced greatly by psychologist SigmundRead MoreErikson s Third Stage Of Life Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagessixth stage of life (Intimacy versus Isolation) I feel I am currently stuck in this crisis. In the past couple of years I have made some major life changes, got out of what could be considered an abusive relationship, decided what â€Å"I want to be when I grow up† (an Occupational Therapist, OT) so applied and was accepted into the graduate program, have moved out of my parents after several years of being stalked feeling brave enough my ex would no longer harm me, have decided who my friends reallyRead MoreChild’s Play is Serious Business Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesstudied by theorists and recognized as an important tool for adult life. Three theorists that studied children and spent their lives researching how children develop were Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These theorists agreed that from the time a child is two years old, play, communication, and social development set the foundations for their future. These psychologists each have agreeable theories and each had theories that have been challenged by modern day researchers. Play, cultureRead MoreStudents At Clearview Middle School1709 Words   |  7 Pagespositive behaviors displayed at home. Students have an insufficient amount of social skills and are unaware of self- awareness and self- control. I have chosen to complete action research on this topic due to my previous experiences as an educator at Clearview Middle School. A handful of my students were either emotionally disturbed or had experienced traumatic experiences outside of the classroom, typically in the communities they live in. For example, I had a student named â€Å"Brandon† who experienced

Business Ethics Ethics or Moral Philosophy

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Ethics or Moral Philosophy. Answer: Introduction Ethics or moral philosophy is that branch of philosophy which is concerned with defending, systematizing and recommending concepts of right and wrong actions(Murithi, 2009). Organisations today are not only expected to meet the demand of their consumers but also ensure that their business processes and functions are carried out in an ethical manner safeguarding the well-being and rights of all stakeholders involved. Over the past few decades there has been an increase in number of unethical practices most of them involving big trusted brands. One such big ethical scandal that was widespread in the media and became the headlines of almost all news channels was the reports of Hersheys being involved in the use of child labor in its West African cocoa fields(Bloxham, 2012). This report aims at applying utilitarian ethical theories to analyse the Hersheys child labor ethical scandal The case: Hersheys child labor ethical scandal The Hershey Company commonly known as Hersheys is North Americas largest chocolate manufacturer(Hershey's, 2015). The company sells its products in over 60 countries across the globe and its products are recognised worldwide for their taste and quality. Hersheys is one of the leaders in chocolate industry and enjoys huge customer loyalty however lately the reports of it being involved in the use of child labor in its cocoa fields in West Africa brought huge negative publicity for the company(Baird, Guevara, Karpechenko, 2012). A lawsuit was filed against Hersheys by the law firm Grant and Eisenhofer accusing Hersheys was using suppliers that are involved in serious unethical acts of child labor and human trafficking. As per the lawsuit the company was sued by one of its largest shareholders accusing the companys Board of Directors for having supported the company in use of unlawful child labor and also integrating this illegal conducts in its business model(Bloxham, 2012). On one si de under the name of its Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) the company owns the Milton Hershey School for male Caucasian boys in Pennsylvania which is one of the world wealthiest school with a worth of $ 7.8 billion and a student population of 2000. On the other side Hersheys is involved in the unethical act of sourcing cocoa from West African suppliers who use child labor at their Cocoa fields. Inspite of tens of millions of dollars being spent by big chocolate makers in an effort to eradicate child labor in the chocolate industry, reports reveal that more than 2.1 million children in West Africa are still made to indulge in a highly dangerous and physically taxing process of harvesting cocoa (Fortune, 2016). Use of child labor not only has severe adverse affects on the overall health of these children but also keep them away from education which in turn hampering the economical growth and development of the region. Such an unethical conduct is not expected from one of the wo rlds largest and profitable food conglomerates. Hersheys must take required steps to eradicate child labor from its supply chain to gain back the trust of its consumers. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is one of the normative ethical theories which place the locus of right and wrong conducts completely on the consequences of selecting on action over other actions (Marques, 2015). As per this moral theory the action that maximises the sum of individual utilities is considered the right action and the one that minimises the sun of individual utilities is considered the wrong action. Utilitarianism is the preferred ethical theory of economists as it has a rational appeal that is caused from its means-end approach and brings it in close proximity with economical thinking (Marques, 2015). Being a form of consequentialism, utilitarianism emphasizes on the fact that end result plays a very vital role in deciding which act is right and must be chosen. Thus as per the utility ethics theory the act that produces the greatest good for maximum number of people involved is considered the morally right course of action. Based on the utilitarian ethical theories an organisation sho uld ensure that all the activities they perform should be in interest of all their stakeholders and not just their shareholders(Trevino Brown, 2004). Apart from earning profit and maximising shareholders return on investment, organisations must ensure the well-being of their stakeholders which include their employees, customers, government, creditors, community, society and the environment in which they operate. An analysis of Hersheys ethical issue shows that the company was focusing only achieving its own financial goals and was not concerned about the well being of children who were used as child labor in its West African cocoa fields(Bloxham, 2012). The children as Hersheys employees still they were made to perform life dangerous and sometimes life threatening tasks while performing different tasks involved in cocoa production. Robertsonab, Morris, Walter (2007) presents a more economic-oriented definition for utilitarianism as a measure of the relative satisfaction or happiness of a group, usually considered in questions of the allocation of limited resources to a population. As per this definition of utilitarianism, the action that delivers maximum economic benefit is the morally right course of action. An analysis of the Hersheys ethical issue based on this definition of utilitarianism proves the companys act of using child labor at its cocoa field was morally correct from the point of its shareholders. Cocoa produced in West Africa is available to chocolate manufacturers at comparatively cheaper rates, specially the cocoa suppliers that use child labor offer much less price(Bloxham, 2012). Low cost of raw materials enable chocolate manufacturing such as Hersheys keep their manufacturing costs low which in turn enable them offer competitive prices to their customers and earn good profit. This unethical a ct is morally correct from this view as it delivers maximum economical benefits. However from the point of children who are forced to work in cocoa field this act is morally wrong as this is keep them away from achieving economical growth in the future. Act and Rule Utilitarianism Utilitarianism can be further classified into two different categories namely, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Both these utilitarianism theories emphasize on the fact that morality of actions should be evaluated on the basis of the outcomes they produce, however the two theories differ over how to do that(Lewina, 2014). Act utilitarianism while deciding the morally correct course of action, the action that produces greatest net utility should be selected. As per this theory it is important to apply the principle of utility of selecting the action based on its consequences should be applied on a case by case basis(Robertsonab, Morrisc, Walterde, 2007). Hersheys decision to support the use of illegal child labor at its cocoa field was morally correct when the interest of shareholders were considered as it enabled the company earn more profit and deliver high return on investment. However when the interest of its other shareholders such as its employees, the children invol ved, the society, environment and its customers were considered its act to use children as slaves at its cocoa fields was highly unethical. Rule utilitarianism contrary to act utilitarianism adopts a two part view that emphasizes on the significance of moral rules (Ho, 2015). As per the rule utilitarian theory, firstly an action that conforms to a justified moral rule is considered to be morally correct action, secondly a moral rule could be justified as a moral code if the outcome it produces is of greater utility when compared to already existing moral rules. Thus, an action is considered ethically right when it adheres with already existing moral rules and a moral rule can be used as a moral code if it produces greater utility. Analysis of Hersheys ethical issues based on rule utilitarian theory shows that the companys act of using child labor was not in conformity with justified moral rules and thus cannot be considered morally correct. Child labor is a serious crime in the court of law and is liable for allegations (Fortune, 2016). Also as this action is just in interest of companys shareholders and is doing more ha rm than good to other stakeholders it cannot be accepted as a moral code. The key difference between the two utilitarian theories is that the act utilitarian theory applies the principle of utilitarianism directly to evaluate the morality of actions while rule utilitarian uses principle of utilitarianism to evaluate the moral rules and then evaluate selected actions by verifying whether or not they adhere with the moral rules. Pros and Cons of Act Utilitarianism Act utilitarianism as compared to rule utilitarianism is a natural interpretation of utilitarian philosophies as it applies the principle of utility direct to the action to be evaluated(Fisher Lovell, 2006). Act utilitarianism yields maximum utility as every action that is performed delivers more utility than the other actions thus the sum total of utilities delivered by all actions will be the highest level of utility that can be achieved. Act utility ethics theory enforces the performer with the power of increasing the utility delivered by each action. Thus, as per the act utilitarianism Hersheys has complete control over the activities it performs and possesses the power to enhance the utility delivered by its actions to do good for all its stakeholders(Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2012). It was Hersheys Board of Directors who made the choice of supporting illegal use of child labor at their cocoa fields without being concerned for the health and well-being of these children and hiding the dark truth from their customers. Act utilitarianism is better than rule-based moralities which expect individuals to follow moral codes irrespectively of the situation(Homann, Koslowski, Luetge, 2007). For example rule-based moralities informs the performer not to kill anyone, however it does not inform the performer that killing is unethical, except when used for self defence. Act utilitarianism when applied to Hersheys ethical issues informs the company that earning profit is good, however it should not occur at the cost of small children who are being forced to work under dangerous and sometimes life threatening work environments on cocoa fields. Act utilitarianism works against the traditional belief that morality is subjective and depends greatly on individual desires; instead it works on the belief that moral questions can be answered in objective manner also showing clear the difference between right and wrong moral beliefs(Waluchow, 2003). Hersheys case as per t his belief of act utilitarianism is morally wrong as it against the interests of all its stakeholders and brought negative publicity for the whole company, reducing its stock prices, ROI and profitability. The company has to face lawsuits and was forced by media and court of law to immediately eradicate the use of child labor from its supply chain. However like any other ethical theories, act utilitarianism is criticised on points such as giving wrong answers to moral questions and permits certain actions which is considered wrong by all(Ho, 2015). For example if it is possible to save three people using organs of a healthy person than as per act utilitarianism this act of killing the healthy person is considered morally right. Act utilitarianism is criticised for being against the moral rules as these moral rules are basis for trust between people within the society. Moral rules help guiding individuals towards the right actions and prevent them from choosing unethical actions unde r all circumstances(Lewina, 2014). For example, if a man is informed to kill for self-defence most of the killers will start killing under name of self-defence. Act utilitarianism is also criticised for impartiality and equal consideration of interests as there are actions which is delivering high utility to ten people but is doing bad to two people still the act will be considered morally wrong. Conclusion An analysis of Hersheys ethical issue of being involved in use of child labor at its cocoa fields is considered unethical and morally wrong using both the act and rule utilitarianism theories. Act utilitarianism was considered more effective in analysing the case it is gives an opportunity to find objective answers for moral questions. It proves that hersheys act of using child labor did not deliver high utility for any of its stakeholders and brought high negative publicity for the company. Bibliography Baird, H., Guevara, N., Karpechenko, A. (2012). The Hershey Company and West African Cocoa Communities. Retrieved 2015, from https://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/Hershey%20Case.pdf Bloxham, E. (2012). Chocolate and child labor: A hurdle for Hershey. Retrieved 2015, from https://fortune.com/2012/11/16/chocolate-and-child-labor-a-hurdle-for-hershey/ Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell. (2012). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases. New York: Cengage Learning. Fisher, C., Lovell, A. (2006). Business Ethics and Values. Essex: Pearson Eductaion Limited. Fortune. (2016). Brian O'Keefe. Retrieved 2016, from vhttps://fortune.com/big-chocolate child-labor/ Hershey's. (2015). The Hershey Company. Retrieved 2015, from https://www.hersheys.com/our-story.aspx#/the-company Ho, D. (2015). Making Ethical Progress without Ethical Theories. AMA Journal of Ethics , 17 (4), 289-296. Homann, K., Koslowski, P., Luetge, C. (2007). Globalisation and Business Ethics. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Lewina, D. (2014). Whats the use of ethical philosophy? The role of ethical theory in special educational needs. European Journal of Special Needs Education , 29 (4), 536-547. Marques, J. (2015). Universalism and Utilitarianism: An Evaluation of Two Popular Moral Theories in Business Decision Making. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership , 8 (3), 1-11. Murithi, T. (2009). The ethics of peacebuilding. Oxford: Edinburgh University Press. Robertsonab, M., Morrisc, K., Walterde, G. (2007). Overview of psychiatric ethics V: utilitarianism and the ethics of duty. Australasian Psychiatry , 15 (5), 402-410. Trevino, L. K., Brown, M. E. (2004). Managing to be ethical:Debunking five business ethics myths. Academy of Management Executive , 18 (2), 12. Waluchow, W. J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. London: Broadview Press.

The Great Gatsby Essay Paper Example For Students

The Great Gatsby Essay Paper English Essay The Great Gatsby The main theme of the novel The Great Gatsby focuses on the American Dream and it is portrayed through the life of Jay Gatsby. Through Gatsbys life we see the withering of the American Dream, a tragedy that struck Jays near finished dream. The American Dream is what many have hoped of achieving, it has existed in the past and is in the present. The American Dream gives people a goal that they can work towards, it also gives them a purpose in life. The American Dream represents luxury and wealth it believes the goodness of the quality of life. For Jay Gatsby, he was so close to achieving the American Dream. He had the wealth and the class, all he needed was his long lost love, Daisy. Gatsby truly believed that he could once again be together with Daisy we see this when he says Cant repeat the past? he cried incredulously. Why of course you can (P. 116). However what made the story such a tragedy was that Gatsby came so close to wining Daisy however he w as killed by Mr. Wilson which he was just inches away from successfully completing the American Dream. In the past, only a small amount of the American Dream turned out to be successful, most have failed. Many people who did not achieve the American Dream ended up committing suicide or other means of giving up on life because they believe there was no other purpose in life. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Gatsby represent the American Dream in many ways, in order to accomplish his Dream he knew exactly what he desired, when Jay met Dan Cody at the shore of Lake Superior, Dan shown him a vision of success a vision of what wealth would offer, the excitement of being rich. Jay Gatsby has an ambitious nature, there for he would do anything just to live the American Dream. He started by building a past, he changed his name from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby in an attempt to construct a foundation for his dream. He then composed an image for Jay Gatsby, a well gentleman who was born in the west, educated at oxford and fought in World War I. Gatsby was then able to attain a great deal of money working with Meyer Wolfsheim. He then bought a huge mansion in the West Egg, however he would throw extravagant parties in hoping of attracting his long lost love Daisy, the one who he had an affair with before he went to the war. Nick describes Gatsbys feelings about Daisy: He hadnt once ceased looking at Daisy and I think that he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of the response it drew from her well-loved eyes. Sometimes, too, he stared around at his possessions in a dazed way as though in her actual presence none of it was any longer real. Once he even toppled down a flight of stairs (P.96 97)Daisy means everything to Gatsby, his American Dream is merged with his dream of being with Daisy. Without Daisy, Gatsbys American Dream is incomplete. A major factor that makes Gatsbys American Dream so tragic is that everything seemed to be so perfect in the beginning, for example we see that he almost had the perfect life. He had collections of nice cars to a nice grand white mansion to collections of imported shirts. Nick Describes Gatsbys parties:Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiter in New York every Monday there same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. (P.43)This shows the amount of wealth Gatsby had, he threw parties weekly and most of his guests havent even seen Gatsby. He didnt throw the parties to show of his wealth, he threw the parties in hope of attracting Daisy. Gatsby needed Daisy to complete his life, his dream to be with Daisy fused with his American Dream. However, it was tragic that he had to die at such a young age, epically when hes so close to achieving the American Dream. .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 , .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .postImageUrl , .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 , .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:hover , .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:visited , .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:active { border:0!important; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:active , .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331 .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7e0afd1e90bc4e5e293889a91038331:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salem Witch Trials EssayGenerally speaking, the American Dream is mostly achieved by people of the higher

Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK The WritePass Journal

Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK Abstract Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK ). Weich (2004) confirmed that some UK based studies have reported an excess in the prevalence of the most common mental disorders of anxiety and depression. The cost of treating depression and other mental problems is a big financial burden to the government. The Centre for Mental Health (2010) concluded that mental problems have not only a human and social cost, but also an economic one, with wider costs in England amounting to  £105 billion a year. Rosenfeld (2009) asserts that very few studies have focused on the causes of depression among young women in the age group of 15-25. Most studies focus on depression on women, men, or adolescents without necessarily narrowing down to young women (Rosenfeld, 2009). The rationale for this study is to identify the causes of depression among the young women aged 15-25, evaluate the effects of depression on the family members and friends, explore the government policy and interventions and then offer recommendations on how to protect the young women from depression. The study of depression in young women is important because the depression suffered at this age group has a direct effect on the f uture lives of these women (Thomas et al 2008). It is therefore important to look into ways of protecting them against depression because this will not only save the government money that is currently being used on treatment but also ensure that the young women enter the early adulthood stage with a strong mental ability. To the healthcare profession, this study will be helpful in the treatment of depression through making maximum use of preventive measures and formulating a basis for further research on ways of reducing the rates of depression among women aged 15-25. Aims and Objectives The primary aim of this project is to review literature on the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 in the United Kingdom. The objectives of the study are as follows: To identify and understand the risk factors responsible for depression as a mental health problem among young women aged 15 to 25 in the UK. To examine the impact of depression on the family and friends of the depressed persons To investigate ggovernment initiatives that support young women with depression Ethics This study addressed ethical and anti- oppressive issues that relate to research and practice. It adhered to all the ethical principles that guide the use of secondary data. The review was conducted with an interest of finding ways of improving the lives of young people with depression through evaluating ways of reducing the causative agents and providing care for the already depressed population. The findings are meant to benefit both the depressed young people and form a basis for future research. Literature Review Methods This review followed an inclusion and exclusion criteria in determining which articles and books to review and which ones to ignore based on the relevance of their content to this dissertation. The journal articles were chosen from EbSCOhost, BNI, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL,  government published documents and policy. Simple electronic database search was then done using the key words as a guiding criterion. All the journals and books were screened by reading the titles, abstract and in some cases full text in deciding which ones were suitable for this research. The key words for the search were â€Å"mental illness, young women, depression, and government policies to address depression†. The database search depended on wildcards and keywords in looking for information in the abstracts, title, subject heading, and full text. The words were used separately and then in combination to ensure that as many relevant articles are reviewed. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles and books The method for selecting articles made use of the inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that the search generated the best possible articles and books. The inclusion criteria targeted the articles that cover prevalence of depression among women, early adulthood, policy intervention in the United Kingdom, peer reviewed and possible methods of dealing with depression. The exclusion criteria on the other hand included the articles and books published prior to 2001, generalized the youth without separating young women from women, only included children under the age of 15, focused on bipolar mood disorder, studies with small sample sizes (less than 50), and those involving non representative samples like the ethnic minorities. Results A total of 100 citations were considered for the research, out of which 30 duplicate citations were filtered out. The remaining 70 citations were then screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined above. 50 articles were retained for inclusion and the other 20 were excluded from the study. Therefore, this review is based on a sample of 50 citations. The details of the review are availed in the subsequent sections of this literature review. The articles were then grouped into those that cover the general correlates of and prevalence of depression, those that cover young women below the age of 30, and finally those that cover young women still under the care of their parents. Among the 50 citations considered for review, only a small percentage was longitudinal by design. The samples had different sample sizes with the least having 50 and the most having 20,000 participants. General correlates and prevalence of depression The findings of this review reveal that in the cases where the articles made comparisons between the males and females, women were more likely to be affected by depression compared to the males. Out of the 10 articles that compared the two sexes only three posted a different result. The three articles did not find any significant differences in the prevalence rates between young men and young women. The other seven articles all concluded that women are more vulnerable to depression than men. The prevalence rates ranged from as low as 4.3% to a high of 49%. Factors that contribute to depression among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UK Lundt (2004, p. 67) claims that in addition to women having higher rates of depression than men, many features of depression differ for women when compared to men. These differences include factors like the likelihood of occurrence, risk factors and the symptoms of depression. This literature review reveals an overwhelming support for a multidimensional model of the risk factors for depression in women with a complex relationship being exhibited between life stress, social, biological, sex role socialization and developmental factors. Hales (2008, p. 33) asserts that currently, the exact neurophysiological mechanisms surrounding depression have not yet been identified although stress appears to play a crucial role in the onset of depressive episodes particular at the initial stages. While the conventional perception of depression supports biopsychosocial model of risk factors, more contemporary conceptualizations and research emphasize on the impact of the sex role socialization (Tho mas, et al 2008, p. 41). The societal gender expectations have a direct influence on how to deal with depression. The women who are forced to adopt female roles that are more stereotyped often experience more depression compared to the ones that are not exposed to such hostile environments. Ussher (2010, p. 13) also adds that women are also more likely to make complex inferences and engage in more ruminative self-focus and this may maintain or even aggravate depression. Walsh (2009, p. 66) notes that there is no single theory explaining the gender differences in depression. In fact the different rates of depression are as a result of multidimensional and interactive issues that are functions of idiographic factors. Rosenfeld (2009, p. 76) supports this further by asserting that integrative biopsychosocial theories of depression have been espoused by many different theories. They note that there are five major categories of risk factors which are: Biological, Life stress, Sex role socialization, Societal/Social and Developmental The interactive model of risk factors is an expansion of the Worrel and Remmer (1992) model (White, Groh, 2007, p. 65). All the five factors are discussed in discrete sections below for purposes of clarity although in reality most of these factors are interrelated and involve more than one factor at a time. It is for this reason then that some factors will appear in more than one section. Biological Factors In the past, most scholars held the assumption that there were two subtypes of depressions, neurotic and endogenous (Stahl et al. 2003, p. 56). The endogenous depressions were believed to be driven by purely biological factors whereas the neurotic depressions were thought to be functions of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. However, more recent research shows that very few depressions are purely biological and there is a general consensus that most depressions have a biopsychosocial basis (Savoie et al 2004, p. 29) Although genetics play a significant role in unipolar depression, heredity is not an important factor as it is in bipolar depression. Depression affects women throughout their lives and it is caused by a combination of different factors that range from hormonal, pregnancy, postnatal to biological factors (Paxton, Robinson, 2008, p. 16). At a later stage in life women may also suffer from depression caused by menopause. These are the factors that make women more vulnerable to depression than men. Additionally, women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression in their early lives than men. Nimrod (2012, p. 43) found that females start experiencing depression in their early adolescence. The study highlights that depression can occur in the young women and puberty increases the risk. This assertion was supported by Greenblatt (2011, p. 45) who claims that the depression in women mostly starts at puberty. The hormonal levels at puberty are a major cause of depression in young women. The changes in oestrogen and androgen are more responsible for the depression than puberty itself. Hales (2009, p. 77) asserts that t his view is consistent with the fact that depression can be as a result of hormonal changes that are related to the reproductive system of women. This is particularly evident in the young women who often complain of both emotional and physical premenstrual symptoms. The young women may also suffer depression during pregnancy. Erlandsson and Eklund (2006, p. 32) claim that while pregnancy does not necessarily cause depression, pregnant women who have a history of depression are more likely to suffer relapses because of their reluctance to use antidepressant medication. This thought is supported by Castle et al (2006, p. 61) as they highlight the implications of managing and treating depression in women. Their research revealed that although many women are often reluctant to take medication during pregnancy, the effectiveness of using antidepressants outweighs the consequences of untreated depression on both the child and the woman. As such, their research outlines the importance of the role of nurses, health visitors, general practitioners, mental health practitioners and the other health professionals in educating the young pregnant women and their families. Additionally, the research also highlights the importance of taking the risks of managin g and treating depression during pregnancy into consideration as well as empowering the young women to make decisions based on the best guidelines and available evidence. However, every pregnant woman must be considered differently and individually because there are many factors that influence their decisions on whether to use the antidepressants or not. Sleath et al (2005, p. 47) say that additional information is required by both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and that all medical practitioners must always weigh up the different treatment options available as well as the wishes of the patient before making any decisions. In fact this is the reason why Pestello Davis-Berman (2008, p. 15) asserts that current advice must be provided based on evidence based practice and practice guidelines. Mirowsky and Ross (2003, p. 55) claim that there is often an increased risk of depression after childbirth because of the hormonal changes in the postnatal period. During this time, there is often an influx of other factors like breast feeding that may influence a young woman not to use antidepressants. Although infertility does not lead to depression, the young women struggling with infertility may be susceptible to depression. In fact Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, Stahl (2005, p. 37) claim that depression may play a role in infertility. Some studies indicate a positive correlation between depression symptoms prior to attempting to conceive and infertility. However, the inability to conceive may lead to depression which may in turn affect the probability of being able to conceive (Ravindran, et al 2002, p. 99). Several other medical conditions like anemia, AIDS, Addison’s disease, cancer, diabetes, infectious hepatitis, influenza, systemic lupus, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, mononucleosis, and Cushing’s disease can cause symptoms of depression in young women (Pratt, et al. 2012, p. 21). Furthermore, other medical conditions like heart disease, asthma and hypoglycemia can equally cause anxiety like symptoms. Lazear et al (2008, p. 30) claims that there is a positive correlation between depression and coronary heart disease. Depression occurs with a high rate mostly after coronary heart disease. In fact recent research indicates that depression is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and a predictor of poor outcome (Eklund, Erlandsson, Persson, 2003, p. 48). Life stress factors Hales (2012, p.50) claims that certain types of stressful life events eventually lead to depression in most young women. One of the possible reasons for the intermittent nature of depression is explained by the kindling hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the strength of the association between stressful life events and depressive onsets decrease with an increase in the number of episodes (Eklund et al 2010, p. 82). It is the unspecified changes that take place during the repressive episodes either through learning or brain changes rather than the stressful life events that kindle future episodes. Erlandsson and Eklund (2003, p. 68) note that in people with recurrent depressions, the relationship between stress and depression declines progressively through approximately nine episodes and then stabilises through the future episodes. The stress diathesis theories of depression indicate that depression results from the way an individual interprets the life stressful events (Castle , Kulkarni, Abel, 2006, p. 51). Hopelessness depression is a stress diathesis theory whereby an attributional style interacts with the negative style events to generate specific subtype of depression with symptoms of sadness, loss of motivation and suicidal ideation. In the context of this model, the internal factors (an attributional style) interact with the external factors (negative life events) to produce depression in the young women. Therefore, stress in womens’ lives has a direct impact on the levels of depressions. Caretaking and parenting demands on women often confer an increased risk for depression. Young women with children are particularly vulnerable especially for those that do not work outside the home (Duncan, 2004, p. 58). In fact, the more children in the house the more depression are reported. The responsibility of caring for the aging parents is often left to the adult daughters, which in turn increases their vulnerability to depression. Women seem to be more vulnerable to the negative ef fects of interpersonal relationships (McLeod McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women in unhappy marriages are three times more likely to be depressed than the single ones or men (McLeod McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women are more vulnerable to interpersonal violence than men are, and depression is a function of interpersonal violence (Beck, Alford, 2009, p. 77). Depression can occur because of psychological and neurological changes caused by the interpersonal traumas. Smith Elliott (2010, p. 44) claim there is a positive correlation between women with histories of childhood sexual and physical abuse and reversed neurovegatative depressive symptoms such as weight gain, increased appetite and hypersomnia, which suggests unique biological processes in trauma related depressions. Depression may also occur because of the effects of brain injuries suffered by battered women (Thomas, et al. 2008, p. 49). Sex Role socialisation Factors Certain types of stereotypical female personality traits as well as the gender role socialisation often contribute to the vulnerability of young women to depression. Weiten (2010, p. 37) claims that women with stereotypical beliefs on the gender roles of women and higher scores of measures of femininity are more vulnerable to depression. Furthermore, gender related personality traits like instrumentality are positively correlated to depression. The same is also true for socially influenced stereotypical female personality traits like dependency and passivity, which are conceptualised as mild manifestations of depression (Gotlib Hammen, 2010, p. 22). Societal / Social factors Women are more likely to face lowered social status in work roles, family roles and community roles. Despite the gains, women have made both economically and socially, inequality between the sexes continues to persist in the society (Kittleson Denkmire, 2005, p. 09). The reinforcement deficit theory postulated by Worrell and Remer (1992) indicates that depression is related to an unfavourable ratio between positive and negative person environment outcomes (Pettit Joiner, 2005, p. 64). The low rate of positive outcomes is assumed to be caused by the increase in passive behaviour and dysphoric mood as the young women feel incapable of attaining personal goals leading to eventual withdrawal and despair. The inequity in family decision-making and access to family finance can cause women to feel powerless and unimportant, precursors to depression. Kantor (2007, p. 18) asserts that poverty is a pathway to depression. The majority of the people living in poverty in the United Kingdom are women and children. Dobson and Dozois (2008, p. 13) note that 10% of new cases of major depression are caused by poverty. The same is supported by Diamond (2005, p. 73) who hypothesises that depression is a function of financial hardships and poverty. Although gender differences in rates of depression do not differ by culture, the ethnic minority women and lesbians are at a higher risk because of the complexity and number of risks that they face on daily basis (Friedman, Anderson, 2010, p. 63). The ethnic minority young women are more likely to be subjected to different socioeconomic factors for depression like ethnic/ racial discrimination, segregation into low status and high-risk jobs, lower educational and income levels, unemployment, single parenthood, poor health, marital dissolution and larger family sizes. Greenblatt (2011, p. 31) adds that being a member of a non-dominant group can also lead to experiences of discrimination and oppression, which are risk factors. Additionally, intragroup and intergroup racism are also stressors that lead to poor health and psychological distress. Cultural role prescriptions for some ethnic minority women may at times lead to depression. For instance, for the Asian and British Indian wome n, the cultural norms of deference, passivity and courtesy may result in difficulties in self-assertion especially regarding issues of power consequently resulting in depression. Experiences of migration for any ethnic minority group may result in lack of social support, cultural conflicts, identity confusion, cultural adjustments, and feelings of powerlessness and diminished social status. Developmental Factors Gerrity et al (2001, p. 48) point out that prior developmental experience have a direct influence on the adult susceptibility to depression. This is particularly true for the individuals who have a history of neglect, abuse and parental loss as well as those that were brought up by depressed mothers. Additionally, the subsequent developmental transitions and the accompanying stressors increase the vulnerability of young women to depression. The developmental pathway of women often contain five major key points that begin when they start showing increased rates of depression in adolescence, continuing to the transitions on young adulthood, midlife and old age. Ussher (2010, p. 77) asserts that each of these transitions is accompanied by challenges and stresses. The intensity of these factors varies depending on the unique personality of an individual, social contexts, familial and social support, and life circumstances. One such interactive model indicates that girls arrive at the ado lescence stage with more pre-existing factors than boys do and these factors interact with social and biological changes of adolescence, which then extend into adulthood (Peacock Casey 2000, p. 74). The young women in the age bracket of 15 to 25 are in the period of young adulthood. This period is a time of potential stress and strain for them because it is a time when they must make important interpersonal and vocational life choices that include decisions related to marriage and motherhood (White Groh, 2007, p. 17). The young mothers with children at home face higher risks of depression. Epidemiological data indicates that the mid to late 20’s is the age at which women start experiencing depression because of the many decisions that they have to make (Stahl, et al 2003, p. 94). In the period of transition to adulthood, the women that were exposed to childhood adversities are more likely to be depressed compared to the ones that did not go through such terrible childhoods. The mid 20’s is the first time a woman must face the harsh realities of life in the context of the dreams and visions mapped out in the adolescence period. The discovery that adulthood is not a s she expected often thrusts most women into despair and confusion. The fact that the young women are facing the challenges and stresses of adulthood for the first time in their lives makes them feel unprepared as the demands of adult life are at times very overwhelming (Ferentinos, et al. 2011,p. 63). These stresses make the young adult women vulnerable to psychological distress, particularly depression. Effects of depression on family and friends of the patients Weiten (2010) says that when a young woman gets depression, it does not affect her alone as it also has gross effects on their parents, siblings, friends and the whole family. All the people close to the individuals suffering from depression often get extremely worried about the patients. Beck and Alford (2009) claim that the worst part of it is that in most cases these people do not have the knowledge and skills to help the patients. This worsens the situation for the patients, as they feel helpless and in so doing adding more misery to the parents, siblings and close friends. Dobson and Dozois (2008) assert that the family members and friends get worried on the possibility of the young depressed women contemplating suicide because of their unstable conditions. In as much as they are always willing to help these young depressed women get back to the normal swing of things, the ways of doing it makes the whole thought a mirage. Therefore, they end up being very focused on them, alway s worrying for them and having difficult time connecting with the depressed young women because depression inhibits their ability to interact with other people. Depression hurts the young women both mentally and physically inhibiting their ability to work and function. The people who have affection for the young girls are often hurt by the experiences of their loved ones (Thomas et al 2008). Unlike the other physical illnesses, depression is not easily visible to people without prior experience. In fact, many people have no idea of its causes or treatment (Sleath et al 2005). The intangibility of the illness makes it very hard for the family and friends who are not able to feel or see the intensity of the suffering. Some family members and friends even deny the existence of depression because of the confusing nature of the illness. Castle, Kulkarni, Abel (2006) claim that some family members and friends consider depression as a sign of personal weakness, while others often end up fighting alongside their depressed friends and family members. These too cases are both extreme and cause grief especially because the depressed young girls feel f rustrated, misunderstood or overstretched to recover quickly. Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, and Stahl (2005) say that the symptoms of depression are very difficult to interpret. The young girls often get withdrawn and have little energy to perform ordinary daily tasks. Unfortunately, this is at times misinterpreted by the other family members as a lack of effort in helping in the daily house chores. Evaluation of initiatives for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UK The purpose of this part of the dissertation is threefold: Make reference to some policies that touch on mental health of young women in the United Kingdom; Highlight some of the progress made by the government in helping the young people suffering from mental health problems; Identify the weaknesses and gaps in the policy and support and what should be done to improve their effectiveness. Owing to the large number of government policies on the young people, this dissertation will be highly selective in approach. INITIATIVES The National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services policy contains the 11 standards that contribute to the mental well being of the young people. In 2007, the government developed the National Indicator Set to enable the central government manage the performance of the local government. These indicators were as follows: NI50, which monitors the emotional health of the children and young people; NI51 to monitor the effectiveness of government policy. The Children and Young People in Mind (CAMHS) made recommendations that highlight the role of all universal services like the police and midwives in promoting the mental health of children and young people. The government implemented two of its recommendations through the creation of National Advisory Council (NAC) and National CAMHS Support Service (NCSS). The role of the NAC is to hold the government accountable in ensuring that all the recommendations are met. The NCSS, on the other hand, was charged with the role of continually improving and sustaining service delivery. The New Horizons (2009) made mental health the responsibility of everyone. It required all the government departments to work as a team in the prevention of mental health problems and develop resilience in the households. It paid special attention to the need of improving transition from adolescence to adulthood and emphasised the importance of prevention of mental illnesses. In 2010, the Keeping Children and Young People in Mind applauded the need for the government to invest in the mental health and emotional well-being of the children and young people. The Progress Made The investment in CAMHS led to increased advocacy in building resilience, early intervention, general well being and the called for support from families. As a result, there was an increase in the number of professional staff to offer services to the young people (Ferentinos et al 2011). However, the progress was slower for the 16 and 17 year olds as evidenced by the increased number of young people of this age spending time in psychiatric hospitals. This implies that comprehensive implementation of CAMHS is not easy and will require more time and commitment from all the stakeholders. The Mental Health Promotion Driving Policy in the New Horizons is performing well although it is mainly adult focused which places the young women at an increased risk of being lost in the bigger agenda. The Challenges and Recommendations Most of the government policies on young people are properly aspirational although turning them into reality on the ground remains the biggest challenge. The process of implementation is very critical as it underlines the efficiency of the policies. It will be impossible to realise the vision of these policies without total commitment and consistent long term funding. This is why it is advisable for the government to look into ways of ensuring better management and leadership to ensure that these services reach the people as envisaged in the policies. Presently, there is still a gap in the logic on the empowerment of people, families and communities on taking care of mental health (Castle, Kulkarni, Abel, 2006). Many people have gone through the process of intervention but the real solution lies on empowering individuals with the skills, knowledge and resources to deal with mental health challenges on their own. Helping the young women with self-awareness, social and emotional skill s, and foster knowledge will help them take the responsibility for their mental health and emotional well-being. Conclusion This dissertation has identified the factors that contribute to a mental health problem (depression) among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UK. The secondary research also assessed the effects of the condition on the family and friends of the patients and then evaluated the policy and support for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UK. The extensive review of academic articles and books revealed that the young women aged 15 to 25 are exposed to the risk of being depressed as a result of the interplay between biological and environmental factors. Furthermore, the rates of depression were found to be higher in the women population compared to men. The study also revealed that depression in the young women of this age bracket has negative effects on their family and friends. The worst part of it is that the family and friends are always willing to help their loved ones recover from mental health problems but are prevented from doing so because of their lack of knowledge and skills in handling depression. As a result, depression ends up disrupting the relationship between the patients and their loved ones who equally end up being distressed as well. The government has enacted many policies to contain mental health problems in the country, however there are still challenges as highlighted in the discussion. These policies although aspirational, still need more commitment in terms of funding, leadership and management for them to have their intended impact in the country. Recommendations The policies for helping the young girls aged 15 to 25 have already been identified and enacted by the government. The only challenge remaining is the implementation process, which is proving to be difficult as evidenced by the high number of young girls spending their time in the psychiatric hospitals. This can be addressed through increasing the amount of funds allocated to the project. This increase will enable the government to reach more people and empower them with the knowledge and skills on how to handle mental illnesses. As already outlined, the family members and friends are always willing to help the depressed young women but then they lack the necessary knowledge and skills. Equipping these people with the knowledge and skills will be helpful in reducing the rates of depression among young women aged 15 to 25 because they have a close contact and better understanding of their loved ones. Additionally, consistent evaluation and assessment of the policies will also be helpf ul to the government in terms of identifying new ways of helping the young girls. Limitations of the study The study was only reliant on secondary data as the researcher was not able to interact directly with the respondents. This implies that the errors that may have been made by the secondary data could have been replicated in the outcomes of this study. Secondly, very few policies are tailored for this particular age group so the policies used were those overlapping between late adolescence and early adulthood. This may have in some way affected the results although the impact may not be that big given that the age group of 15 to 25 lie in the same period of late adolescence and early adulthood. Bibliography Beck, A. T., Alford, B. A. (2009). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Brady,. T. 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Leroy A. Battle essays

Leroy A. Battle essays Leroy A. Battle was a young man in the mid-1940s who had just completed flight training, and earned his wings as one of the distinguished Tuskegee Airmen. Leroy Battle experienced a lot of things in life, while World War II raged on in Europe, and Asia. Battle, and 18 of his colleagues became part of a battle of their own against segregation on a military base, a battle that soon became known as the Freeman Incident. The Army and Air Force allowed blacks to become pilots. After being threatened with a lawsuit. The War Department established an air unit that was known as 99th Pursuit Squadron, for African-Americans near Tuskegee Institute, in Alabama. The Tuskegee Army Airfield was completely segregated at the outset, with fliers under the command of, and trained by white officers. The Jim Crow laws were tough for the blacks to deal with, because of them not being white, and dealing with the problems of them being Negro Officers that were discriminated. Opportunities for blacks in thi s state at the start of World War II were little better than those offered by the Army. In many towns blacks encountered so-called "Sundown laws," which forbade them to stay in the city after dark. In most aspects of their daily lives, from eating in restaurants to watching motion pictures, African-American faced discrimination and segregation. Leroy Battle has had different life experiences, including his encounter with fighting prejudice, discrimination towards blacks, and segregation. Prejudice played a big role of him being a Black African American that was in the newspapers, and taking the heat from Negro Officers being arrested, because of race being an issue. The major theoretical perspectives that are taking place are functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspective. The functionalist perspective is taking place about Leroy Battle being punished under the social orders of his Jim Crows laws, and following the Sundown laws. Jim Crow ...

Why Youth Join the Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Youth Join the Military - Research Paper Example This paper discusses why the youth join the military. The highest desire among the youths once they finish their high school education is to get away from the home environment. This is because if they stay in this environment for long, they tend to flounder around with lack of real direction in life. Staying at home makes them depend too much on their parents despite the fact that they would want to become independent. As a result, they end up joining the military which can remedy all these in the shortest time possible. While most of the youths are not ready to go off school, they have the need to get more education in future. Unluckily most of the American youth do not belong to the well-to-do families hence their parents’ capacity to help them in their education in the future is close to impossible. Thus, going to school at a particular period in their lives will require them to pay for their fees independently. On the same note, without a great GPA or high score in SAT’s, one is unable to get a scholarship according to Briggs (1). Therefore many find it important to join the military first in order to make money which helps them fund their education in future. Through the Montgomery GI Bill and the different college funds given by each of the military branches of services, one might find a good enlistment hence a better future. Moreover, while in the military, one is free to join college and get a degree if they wish. This is because in college one is free to attend college as they pursue their military career as the military pays for a part of the tuition. Young people are curious about travelling around the world to see it for themselves. However, most of them never get the opportunity due to lack of money, time and resources. Therefore, for them, joining the military gives way to the opportunities for global travel to different locations around the world. These locations range from exotic overseas areas to the exhilarating scenes of more