How do Hamlets Soliloquies reveal his Changing thoughts and Moods throughout the play Essay Example

How do Hamlets Soliloquies uncover his Changing considerations and Moods all through the play Paper The play Hamlet is essentially about existence and demise. We see this through the character Hamlet. Villas character isn't one dimensional, their are numerous sides to his character. We can tell this by the manner in which his state of mind changes all through the play. Just in the discourses does Hamlet uncover his actual self, and we the crowd start to build up a superior comprehension of his intricate character. A talk is a discourse wherein a character (for this situation Hamlet) uncovers to the crowd his considerations and sentiments which he can't communicate to different characters in the play. So as such, monologues give a voice to Hamlets considerations. This is the reason speeches are so significant, in light of the fact that a character can communicate his most inward musings with out judgment from individual characters in the play. The three talks I have examines resemble signs in the play. They manage us through Hamlets mind at various focuses in the play. The primary focal point of my examination will be on various entertainers understandings of this play, just as the genuine substance and language of these three distinct monologues. The primary talk I am contemplating is in act one scene two. We will compose a custom exposition test on How do Hamlets Soliloquies uncover his Changing musings and Moods all through the play explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on How do Hamlets Soliloquies uncover his Changing musings and Moods all through the play explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on How do Hamlets Soliloquies uncover his Changing musings and Moods all through the play explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In this first discourse Hamlet discusses how in the event that it wasnt for divine beings laws (6th rule, a strict law), he would advisory group self destruction. This is because of the world at war, his perished father, and how his mom has remarried. O, this too strong tissue would liquefy.. his group gainst self-butcher. Hamlet keeps on letting us know, the crowd, about how he is disturbed (or you could even say goaded) with life and how purposeless everything in this world is by all accounts. exhausted, stale, level, and unrewarding Seems to me all the employments of this world! Just as how the world is degenerate. He communicates this by contrasting his prompt world with a nursery invade, contaminated by putrid weeds. . tis an unweeded garden that develops to seed; things rank and gross in nature groups it simply. Hamlet isn't generally grieving his dads passing in this talk, yet he is chafed with his mom for remarrying his uncle so not long after his dads demise. That is should resulted in these present circumstances! Yet, two months dead-nay less, not all that magnificent a King. After this Hamlet keeps on clarifying how nothing can happen to make this circumstance any better. Be that as it may, this doesn't mean Hamlet will never really, acknowledge everything. This isn't sufficient for Hamlet, something must be finished. The crowd is attracted to feel along these lines since we can tell Hamlet is a smart man (we can tell this by the manner in which Hamlet examines circumstances, which he sees as off-base, in his brain e. g. his mom remarriage. Likewise Hamlet is sufficiently shrewd to hush up about his musings subsequently he just communicates his emotions in discourses). Hamlet likewise thinks about his dad and uncle. The manner in which Hamlet does this is by contrasting them as a Hyperion with a satyr. This correlation of the two men makes his dad sound excellent, ground-breaking, delightful and as a legendary animal. In this manner proposes that Hamlet feels that his expired dad is the legitimate lord, and Claudius is mediocre compared to the King Hamlet. This additionally appears this is the main way Hamlet can discuss his dad contrasted with Claudius. What's more, this over clarification sensationalizes these two characters. Additionally this makes King Hamlet nearly appear to be a God, and with respect to Claudius well he is viewed as a worker (contrasted with his dad). This recommends King Hamlet will consistently be better than Claudius, even in death. We, the crowd, can likewise observe that these are Hamlets genuine internal musings as they nearly stream out of his mouth as he becomes involved with the occasion. Promotion this discourse is brimming with understandings, surges of thought and language, which likewise proposes that Hamlet is becoming involved with the occasion. The language in this talk looks like a line of reasoning. The words stream along with commas that proceed with this stream. Just as considering the content of Hamlet, I am additionally contemplating two renditions of Hamlet as a play. The two movies I observed each depicted these talks in various manners. The principal recognizable contrast between the two is the way that, the Peter Brooks adaptation focuses on the entertainers face that plays Hamlet. While the Mel Gibson adaptation concentrates more on the setting. I don't believe that the explanation behind this is one is a low spending film while the other isn't. I imagine that the two renditions need to depict Hamlet in various manners. The Peter Brooks form depicts Hamlet as a solid disapproved of character, concentrating on each word that Hamlet expresses. While the Mel Gibson form additionally does this (however not close to so a lot), yet as a great deal of the emphasis is on the setting, this proposes Hamlets words can not communicate his actual sentiments too. It is however the setting performs the words that Hamlet expresses. This likewise is a purpose behind why in the Mel Gibson rendition, of this speech, has been chopped down. The main likeness there is in the two movies is that; the on-screen characters never take a gander at the camera. I imagine this recommends Hamlet doesn't have to substantiate himself to anybody; he isn't attempting to persuade us, the crowd, that his emotions are correct (or the correct method to think and feel). Hamlet accepts that his are convictions are valid and realize one will adjust his perspective. Villas character doesn't have to keep a hold of the crowd by tending to them with looks or intriguing forces. So as of now in this first discourse we perceive how insightful Hamlet is, the manner by which he thoroughly considers circumstances. He doesn't simply kick back and accept incredibly. It is however Hamlet as of now, sub-intentionally, realizes that Claudius is unlawfully the lord. So from here the crowd feels like Hamlets character is solid disapproved, clever and a profound mastermind. Right now the crowd doesn't have the foggiest idea whether Hamlet will be sufficiently daring to change things. However, we do get the feeling that Hamlet will simply accept remarkably. This is the place the crowd applauds their first sense that activity may occur sooner rather than later. Hamlet is likewise observed as nearly as daring, as it appears he is going to change this to cause them to appear to be correct. He isn't viewed as a defeatist for this very explanation, just as, he has not ended it all. Be that as it may, this is mostly down to the way that it is a transgression. So perhaps he isn't so daring. Anyway the crowd looks past this as not a demonstration of defeatist ness but rather as a demonstration of courage to stand-up in what he trusts in. The second discourse that I am contemplating is in act 2. Here Hamlet express objection to the manner in which he can not act to vindicate his dead dad. . cap a rouge and worker slave am I! Hamlet later clarifies how he is going to trap Claudius. Hamlet is additionally disappointed how on-screen characters can act with emotions, while village has bunches of inspiration (and motivations) to retaliate for his dad yet he can not follow up on this. Is it not tremendous that this player here, But in a fiction, in a fan tasy of enthusiasm power his spirit so to his own arrogance.. Hamlet is likewise as yet attempting to understand the world. I think in this discourse we, the crowd, perceive how clever and mindful Hamlet truly is. He even views himself as a weakling. Furthermore, this is the first occasion when we the crowd think Hamlet is really a quitter, and really begin to ponder is Hamlet will satisfy what he is stating. Am I a quitter But I am pigeon livered, and need nerve To make mistreatment unpleasant Alliteration is utilized in this Soliloquy. Out of the speeches I am contemplating, this is the principal that I have seen similar sounding word usage. The utilization of similar sounding word usage makes the words watch out from the rest, it accentuates them. This implies they should be significant for such accentuation to be laid upon them. Particularly the way, in any event, when u read them, they make u let them out. It is however they are nauseating, harmed, and practically dishonorable. These words are said as villa is addressing about how he never really retaliate for his dad. So this shows the manner in which he is embarrassed about the manner in which he sits idle. Wicked, indelicate miscreant! With Hamlets acknowledgment of how he has never really retaliate for his dad, he thinks of a thought. Hamlet will watch his uncle to perceive how he responds when he sees a play of a homicide which looks like King Hamlets. Hamlet likewise shows his appall in Claudius by considering him an animal. This shows Hamlet imagines that for somebody to kill, they should (nearly) not be human. Murmur I have heard That blameworthy animals sitting at a play Have by the shrewdness of the scene Been struck so to the spirit The Mel Gibson form of this focuses on the outrage that Hamlet is feeling. This is appeared by the manner in which Hamlet is standing. It seems as though Hamlet can not hold up under it any longer (all his outrage) and needs something to be finished. The Mel Gibson form likewise begins mostly down the discourse. This is on the grounds that mostly down, in the talk, Hamlet begins to get moving accordingly gets increasingly forceful. Additionally Hamlets character is viewed as progressively unusual as 75% down the content, Hamlet quiets down. This is on the grounds that he has at long last idea of an arrangement. The Peter Brooks variant is unique. In this adaptation Hamlet is seen more settled and in profound idea more than the Mel Gibson variant. This is communicated in the manner that the entertainer is plunking down. Likewise ridiculous ribald miscreant is forgotten about. This also causes Hamlet to appear to be less forceful. The route none of the content is removed, mak

Caliban in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- essays research papers

The Tempest, considered by numerous individuals to be Shakespeare’s goodbye to the theater, has of every one of his plays the most striking interpretive lavishness. The excellent adaptability of Shakespeare’s stage is given specific unmistakable quality in The Tempest because of its innovation and investigative potential, specifically in the introduction of one of his generally eminent and questioned characters, Caliban. Hastily depicted in the play as a most despicable beast, Caliban doesn't inspire a lot of compassion. Be that as it may, on further assessment Caliban introduces himself as a very mind boggling character and soon his evident giant isn't so clearly straightforward. The differing scope of introductions of him in front of an audience embodies Caliban’s diverse character. In spite of the fact that Caliban endeavors to assault Miranda, showing up at first to be nothing more mind boggling than a savage brute thus ought to be introduced in that capacity, Caliban is in truth an individual and not a beast, misconstrued simply because Prospero, the colonizer, has unreasonably portrayed him as being only a crude local. At the hour of The Tempest, pilgrims started moving out of Britain to colonize America, Africa and parts of Asia. Making a case for an abroad area was getting progressively critical to national personality and force. The journeys of Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama started what has come to be known as the time of European Expansion, when England and the remainder of Europe started committing their energies to investigating and creating markets abroad. At the point when The Tempest was composed, these hugely significant get-togethers were on the highest point of everyone’s mind, including, apparently, Shakespeare’s. It is hence that the play is frequently viewed as a purposeful anecdote of European disclosure and I... ...ual goals behind the production of the play can never be uncovered. Anyway the main part of the proof focuses towards a Caliban who is, regardless of his conceivable devilish parentage and undefined deformation, a human, and it frequently creates the impression that Shakespeare wanted him to be introduced in that capacity. This view isn't unwarranted, as it was realized that Shakespeare had perused, and undoubtedly cited from Michel de Montaigne’s ‘Of Cannibals’ where it is contended that the traditions of locals were not savage or ignoble, only extraordinary. Post †provincial understandings of The Tempest seem to see Caliban in a comparable light. Caliban’s brilliant handle and portrayal of his environmental factors doesn't propose detestable, rather his words suggest a genuine blamelessness. Caliban isn't a beast thus ought not be introduced in that capacity, he is just exposed, unchanged nature, a case of humankind at its rawest structure.

How to Increase Traffic by Updating Your Blog with HTML5 Video

How to Increase Traffic by Updating Your Blog with HTML5 Video Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!How to Increase Traffic by Updating Your Blog with HTML5 VideoUpdated On 19/09/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2V4JSPT CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogMaintaining your blog is an important part of your business. Whether your blog is your primary form of communication with your clients, or you are a full time blogger, finding ways to increase traffic to your site can be challenging. One way to engage your audience, while bringing in new views is to update your blog videos to HTML5!Not only does using your blog as a marketing tool with your emails bring in new traffic, but so does having an excellent, up to date video stream! Using 4k videos, fun animations, applications, as well as other components can all be done with this newest HTML. This will keep your demographic engaged, as well as increase traffic. But how exactly can it be done? What Is HTML5?As technology races forward, so does the quality of programing behind our everyday video feeds, websites, as well as blogs. HTML5 is the newest, most advanced version of the Hypertext Markup Language. This is basically the code that describes website pages.In order to understand how to bring in more traffic to your site, it’s important to know what makes this programing tool special. What makes HTML5 unique is that it is basically allows you to have everything you need in a web page without having to include browser plugins.HTML5 can do all of the following:AnimationCreate appsPlay musicPlay moviesBuild applications within browsersRun on practically any platformRun websites offlineTell websites your locationHandle high-quality video, as well as graphicsWhen it comes to the latest and greatest coding for your blogs videos, HTML5 is the way to go. All in all, it’s a good way to be certain that your web pages can do almost anything your clients, customers, as well as potential readers want it to do!Is It Easy to Use?In addition to offering a lot of different tools within a browser, on lots of different platforms, it needs to be easy to use. Not all of us are software engineers, or programing gurus! By finding online classes you can teach yourself how to update your websites video in no time.Not only that, but you can also look into making an investment! Whether you choose to hire someone, take advantage of easy to use tools like liquivid video to HTML5, or even pay for a course, investing in your blog can lead to so much more traffic!How Will HTML5 Make My Blog Look Better?Not only can updating your programing lead to more likes and comments, but also increase traffic to your blog. By using newer versions of video players, music players, animations, as well as things like applications, you’re able to interact with a much broader audience.READ3 Simple Ways To Find The RSS Subscribers Of Any BlogAll things considered, being able to have more up to date videos, visuals, and graphics will make your blog so much better! No one wants to share a blog post with an out of date video, or click on an affiliate link from a hideous website. Not to mention a site lacking any interactive visuals! By updating to this programing language, you’re setting yourself up for success, as well as setting up a new style.Along those same lines, HTML5 is compatible with basically every platform available. Meaning your blogs videos can be seen nearly anywhere. From tablets to smartphones, from browsers, as well as smartwatches, your blogs videos can be compatible with all sorts of newer platforms! Because of your new, updated coding, your blog will look great no matter what platform it’s on.How Can Videos Get More Traffic to My Blog?In addition to adding some quality visual updates, this new coding language can also generate more interaction with your blog. Whether your audience is clicking to hear the music you’ve recommended, or watching you r creative video tutorials, your audience will be further engaged with your site. Not to mention, they are more likely to SHARE those interactive components.You can also be more engaging on other platforms as well. Because you can share the videos you’ve posted to your blog on social media, you can bring in more views to your site! Not to mention through apps, browsers, and other outlets that are compatible with HTML5 video.All in all, having a better looking blog with more interactive features will help generate more views, and more business! In addition to updating to HTML5 coding, you can upgrade the amount of people who visit your awesome blog!Upgrading to HTML5 Video to Increase Traffic to Your Blog!Increasing traffic to your blog can be easy, as well as fun, by simply upgrading to HTML5 videos. In addition to adding more interactive elements, upgrading your coding will certainly bring in new viewers! Not to mention making your blog look amazing. Take your blog to the latest version of HTML5, and you’ll be taking your traffic to new heights!

The Foundations Of The Canons - 1702 Words

The Foundations of the Canons John 14: 26 states but the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you (). This verse is an explanation from Christ about the role of the Holy Spirit in teaching and recalling events that took place during his time on earth. It is through the witness of the Spirit that man can determine the â€Å"wheat from the chaff.†() The early church had the writing of the Old Testament but did not have a formal set of canonized books regarding the Messiah to draw their inspiration from. Though they had letters from Apostles there were many heretical writings that were circulating throughout the lands that were teaching doctrine different from those who knew Christ personally. Josephus stated that no one had been bold enough to add, take away, or change the wording in the Old Testament scripture (), this was what the Church was looking for in forming a canon that related to the teaching of Christ; a type of written text that would be foundational therefore no one would want to take away or add to it. The early church was using the four Gospels and the letters of many of the Apostles in their church teachings. The churches focused on the importance of the authors being in a first-hand relationship or direct correlation to a disciple such as Mark was to Peter and Luke was to Paul (). The Apostles took some time to write down their experiences becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Foundation of Orthodoxy and the Canon1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe Foundation of Orthodoxy and the Canon: There are several areas in the early church on essential issues such as the deity of Christ, nature, and humanity. 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Communication Breakdown Essay - 1134 Words

Ever wonder why a message that seems clear to us is not comprehended by someone else the way we think it should be. How can something we think is stated so clearly become misunderstood that the person we are stating the message to becomes confused? Let’s examine the definition of the word communication. Defined by the freedictionary.com, communication is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. Merriam-Webster, defines communication as an act or instance of transmitting and, an exchange of information. Simply stated we are sending a message to the person who is receiving it. The idea we want to send should be clear to the person who is receiving the message, but that is not always the†¦show more content†¦The response may seem inappropriate but, what actually took place is a response to words. The person may hear what he or she wants to hear rather than hear what was actually said. Mental set, prejudices, and the way the individual chooses to filter or screen what is said will affect the way a message is understood. Understanding that meanings of words have an effect on communication. The speaker may choose words that may have different meanings or mean different things to people. English language can instruct someone to hit a bat with a bat or have the sweet child bring me some more sweet tea. People may react differently to the exact same words. There are two distinct meanings to words and language. First, the denotative meaning is what most people may be familiar with. It refers to the exact meaning of a word. The second type of meaning is called the connotative meaning. The connotative meaning of something has to do with what the word suggests to the individual, based on that persons experiences and emotional reactions and judgments associates with the word or what it refers to. 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This disregard for all previously stated rules stems from old Scott characteristics in where I s kirted rules because I felt I could get away with it or that I thought the rules were dumb. Growing as I have over the last year I have come to realize that taking a rule at face value is not smart on my part and I must look deeper into why the rule is the rule. Check-ins and permissionsRead MoreCommunication Breakdown Overcoming Culture and Language Barriers2431 Words   |  10 PagesCommunication Breakdown OVERCOMING CULTURAL AND LANGUAGE BARRIERS IN THE GLOBAL GEAR MARKET Matthew Jaster, Associate Editor If you’ve read any business publications lately, chances are you’ve seen an article or two covering language and cultural barriers in the global marketplace. Buzzwords like â€Å"globalization† and â€Å"global supply chain† frequently come up in discussions on training, networking and economic growth. 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Colonial Americ Salem Witch Trials - 1247 Words

Colonial America: Salem Witch Trials Do you believe in witches? Ghosts? In Salem, during the 1600’s, the Puritans did. During a nine-month period, the Puritans were conflicted with a true spiritual warfare, and a time where they lost the ways of the one they worshiped. A time we now call, the Salem Witch Trials. To have a clear understanding of what happened in Salem, one must first understand the Puritans. This group of people greatly disagreed with the ways of the Church of England and desired to â€Å"purify† their religion. Their main desire was to be more doctrinally sound in their teaching, and to have more religious freedom. It is from them, that we have modern day Baptists. But to accomplish this, they departed from England and moved to Massachusetts. Originally, they were located in Plymouth, but over the course of time, the group began separating into different parts of Massachusetts. In 1606 Salem was founded, and this is where the Witch Trials occurred. Before the hysteria of the trials struck, it is important to understand the core of what the puritans practiced. According to Dr. Paul Jehle, the Puritans had 7 doctrinally sound teachings. These were: 1) The Devil works most successfully where people are regularly sinning. 2) Ignorance of the enemy make an easy target. 3) If one indulges in the devil’s practice, it becomes more spectacular. 4) Satan works against the saints. 5) Satan and his helpers try and thwart the plans of God. 6) the devil’s

Do Not Judge A Book By Its Cover (676 words) Essay Example For Students

Do Not Judge A Book By Its Cover (676 words) Essay Do Not Judge a Book by Its CoverWe as teenagers are often defined as shallow, naive, and sometimes uncompassionate youngsters. Most of this recognition comes from our common failure to take social risks and possess an open mind. We are all one student body, yet we are so separated in many aspects. Much of the segregation exists because we are unable to look past appearances. What gives designer clothes, thick lensed glasses, or different hairstyles the authority to determine if we are people who are worth knowing? Would you feel hurt if people rejected you because you had a few pimples on your face? Would it be fair? These days, there is too much emphasis on looks. If everyone would take a brief moment to see the shining wit or loving personality in a person instead of his or her body, then the world would unmistakably be a better place.There are many truly great and natural differences among people. ?Nerds? are not ?football players.? Their talents, skills, and capacities are not th e same. An unalterable condition in human society is that the lowest cannot be made equal with the highest. Nature is vain. However, these conditions are adapted to benefit both individuals as well as the community. Life requires varied aptitudes, diverse services, and miscellaneous types of people to carry on its affairs as life as a whole. Drawn by our natural tendencies to fall into peer pressure, in our feelings of inadequacy, we constantly seek to form exclusive associations or ?cliques.? Within these groups, we should discourage any exclusion based on the wrong reasons such as appearances, which many people cannot drastically change. It is important to remember that our harmony depends on our effort and ability to accept others in whatever form they come, even if they are different in ethnicity, religion, or appeara!nce. All forms of conformity are self sacrilege. We are in a state of many changes, a chance to try new things, and to discover who we really are. Ones struggle to be their own person inside as well as out is an admirable task that calls for courage. Do not ridicule those who walk down the hall with mismatched socks pulled up to their knees, or those who wear bright, patterned clothing. They are only expressing themselves and sharing their uniqueness. Our inability to individualize people is a weakness that we must not dismiss. The recognition of our rights, individual and collective, include our most basic obligation: respect for our peers. Next time, think about what is in a hairstyle, or what is in make-up. Sadly, they both have too much significance in our superficial expectations. Man is a person endowed by our Creator with gifts of body and mind. We are all created in His image and likeness. We, as imperfect sinners, do not have the right to judge or question His wisdom. Rather we are obliged to regard our bodies as good and honorable. Mankind is not wrong when he regards himself superior to bodily concerns.For by interior qualities, he can overcome the whole sum of mere things. The intellectual nature of the human person needs to be perfected by wisdom, for wisdom gently attracts the minds of mankind in a quest for love of what is true and good. It is important to remember when wisdom and understanding is present, man can pass through visible realities to discover the real person within. Never judge a book by its cover. Appearances can be deceiving. Within the most unattractive people can lie the most caring hearts. They are able to give to uncaring people, like ourselves, the gifts of forgiveness and friendship. Just imagine that each gift is wrapped with u nconditional love and delivered with the most genuine smile. Let there be no more victims of discrimination. Ignore the false perceptions of beauty that society has imposed on us.Remember, true beauty lies within. As soon as one realizes that in their heart, everyone may be better known, better loved, and better served. .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 , .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .postImageUrl , .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 , .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:hover , .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:visited , .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:active { border:0!important; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:active , .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artsc olumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352 .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2032f7dc67c081317fce86954fac352:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual activity among teens Essay

Turkeys Role in the Syrian Crisis

Introduction Syria has been embroiled in a violent uprising since 2011 when the Syrian opposition began widespread demonstrations against president Bashar al-Assad and his government. The Syrian crisis was fueled by the winds of revolution that were blowing through the Arab world. This Arab uprising led to the toppling of regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya due to popular uprisings by the citizens of these countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey’s Role in the Syrian Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Arab Spring Revolutions have been the most significant political event in the region and they have had huge ramifications as regimes have been toppled and governments have been obligated to engage in reforms. In the case of Syria, President Assad has refused to leave power in spite of the widespread opposition against him and international pressure for him to do so. Instead of relenting to the popular uprising against him, Assad engaged in brutal repression of the demonstrators in his country. This violent repression led to the formation of armed rebel groups that have been fighting to topple the Assad regime for almost three years without any real success. The events in Syria have attracted the attention of the international community and the country’s regional neighbors. Turkey, which is a regional power, has been heavily involved in Syrian affairs since the crisis has some impact on Turkey due to its common border with Syria and its strategic interests in the region (Idrees 88). Turkey has therefore emerged as the country that has played the most monumental role in trying to resolve the Syrian crisis. This paper will set out to provide an in-depth description of the efforts that Turkey has engaged in to assist mitigate the Syrian crisis and speed the process of stabilizing the nation. The paper will begin by articulating the reasons behind Turkey’s in terest in Syria and then proceed to outline the role that Ankara has played in the Syrian issue. Turkey’s Interest in the Syrian Events Even as the Syrian Crisis gets to its third year, Turkey continues to demonstrate a great commitment to ensuring that the crisis is effectively resolved in the shortest time possible. From the onset of the Syrian crisis, Turkey demonstrated an interest in the actions carried out by the Assad regime and by the opposition. Turkey shares a 911km border with Syria making instability in Syria an issue of concern for Turkey.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Turkey has a vested interest in the outcome of the Syrian Crisis. In recognition of the critical ramifications that the events in Syria would have on Turkey, the Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan described the situation in Syria in 2011 as â€Å"an internal Turkish issue† ( 88). Turkey has made a huge regional and domestic capital in overthrowing the Assad regime and the current policy supports the armed rebels and the Syrian opposition. Ankara has been the most prominent foreign actor in the Syrian affairs since the revolution against the Assad regime broke out in 2011 (Idrees 88). The Turkish Foreign Minister asserts that Turkey is obliged to act on the Syrian issue not only because it needs to defend its own national strategies but also because it is a regional power in the region (47). Turkey’s role in Syria will contribute to its growing influence in the region. Analysts predict that if the Syrian opposition succeeds, it will set up a government modeled after Turkey’s ruling AKP government and look up to Ankara as the mentor. Phillips suggests that by backing the Syrian opposition and promoting the SNC, Turkey is establishing a good relationship with the future successors of Assad; therefore boosting its own influence in the country (138). Turkey’s involvement has also been prompted by concerns that the Syrian crisis might contribute to a reemergence of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) problem in Turkey. The PKK is a Kurdish nationalist movement that has been fighting for secession from Turkey. Egin declares that the anti-Assad policy adopted by Ankara has â€Å"breathed new life into the Turkish Kurds’ long struggle for independence† (66). Because of Turkey’s denouncing of the Assad regime, the Syrian government has retaliated by covertly funding the PKK groups operating along the Turkish border. Egin reports that the Assad regime has reversed its longstanding anti-Kurd policies and provided the Kurd fighters with a degree of logistical support and refuge from Turkish forces (66). This has reinvigorated the PKK and enabled it to resume an armed struggle against Turkey.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey’s Role in the Syrian Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turkey’s Humanitarian Efforts One of the areas where Turkey has played a major role is with regard to the Syrian refugees. Since the outbreak of the Syrian conflict, the number of Syrians looking for refuge from their country’s violence has been rising. Since Turkey shares an expansive border with Syria, many Syrians have sought to cross into Turkey to escape the violence in their country (Laqueur 77). Sly reports that while refugees have moved into the other countries surrounding Syria, Turkey has received the greatest percentage of refugees (1). Turkey is currently home to over 400,000 Syrian refugees who continue to put a strain on the resources of the Turkish government as their daily needs are met. In addition to the refugees already living in Turkey, the country is admitting between 500 and 1,500 Syrians each day at certain border crossings. The flow of refugees into Turkey has at times been so high that the Turkish government has been forced to close key border crossings in order to regulate the flow of Syrians. However, Turkey has demonstrated a great desire to assist the Syrians fleeing from the violence in their country. Turkey has been deeply involved in humanitarian efforts aimed at assisting the vast number of Syrian refugees within its borders. Turkey has established numerous camps in its territory to accommodate Syrian Refugees. Jodi reports that the camps established by Turkey for the Syrian refugees are some of the best refugee camps in the world (1). Some of the camps established for refugees include pre-fabricated houses that contain two rooms and a bathroom making the lives of the refugees in Turkey very decent. Most of the money used to sustain the refugees has been from Turkey’s own financial reserves. The country has also demonstrated great generosity by spending close to $1billion dollars on Syrian refugees in order to alleviate their conditions while in Turkey. In spite of limited international support for the refugees fleeing Syria, Turkey has continued to offer great support to Syrian refugees. Jodi observes that the international aid to alleviate the humanitarian crisis occurring at the Turkey-Syria border has been minimal with most Western countries providing limited aid (1).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Turkey has filled this void by providing substantial support to meet the needs of the Syrians. However, analysts contend that Turkey’s ability to deal with the humanitarian crisis might be hampered if the Syrian crisis extends beyond 2013 and the influx of refugees across the Turkey-Syria border increases. International diplomatic efforts Turkey has engaged in a lot of international diplomacy to try resolving the Syrian crisis. Turkey has exploited its good relationship with Western nations to carry out diplomatic efforts concerning the Syrian crisis. Turkey is a part of the â€Å"Friends of Syria† group, which is made up of countries that are concerned about the Syrian crisis and are engaged in diplomatic action to resolve the crisis. Turkey hosted the major meeting by this group held on April 2012 and in this meeting, the Turkish PM called on the international community to take action against Assad’s regime. In line with its stance against the Syrian governmen t, Turkey reiterated its opinion that Syrian rebels should be given the means with which to defend themselves from Assad’s onslaught. Turkey has been involved in international efforts aimed at keeping Syrians safe in their own country. Turkey has engaged in advocacy for more stringent actions to be taken against Assad by the international community. The Turkish government is the strongest supporter of a no fly zone that, once enacted, would ensure that Syrians are safe in the Northern parts of the country. Sly observes that most Syrian refugees in Turkey have been forced out of their country by the frequent aerial bombardments carried out by the Assad regime (1). Imposition of a no fly zone would stop the airstrikes and make the area safe for Syrians to live in. The no-fly zone has also been aimed at protecting turkey from Syrian attacks. Following the shooting down of a Turkish Air Force jet by the Syrian army in June 2012, Turkey called on its NATO allies to enforce a no-fl y zone in Syria. While a no fly zone is yet to be implemented in the crisis, the Turkish administration continues to advocate for it at the UN and through NATO. Turkey has urged the international community to engage in limited military intervention against the Assad regime or increase its support to the Syrian rebels. In the recent past, the Turkish Foreign Minister has called on the international community to take action against the Assad regime. Following a car bombing in May 12 in a Turkish border town that led to the death of 46 people, the Turkish government has called for action against Syria to ensure that the violence there does not spread into the neighboring countries (Burch 1). However, the international community has shown great reluctance in responding to the Syrian crisis. Major powers such as the US are apprehensive and have not taken any solid step in the issue (Williams and Colleen 50). Diplomatic Efforts with Syrian Actors In addition to the international efforts, Turkey has used its regional influence to attempt resolving the Syrian crisis domestically. At the onset of the conflict in Syria, Turkey attempted to use its close ties with the Assad regime to control the activities taking place in Syria. The Turkish government tried to persuade Assad to stop his brutality against the opposition forces. Instead of engaging in a ‘zero problems’ strategy in the Syrian case, Turkey has adopted a ‘values-based’ foreign policy that supports democratic forces (Phillips 138). Turkey has publicly criticized the Assad regime and lobbied for greater participation by the Sunni majority in the Syrian government (Kouskouvelis 48). Damla reveals that in August 2011, the Turkish Foreign Minister, Ahmet DavutoÄŸlu held a lengthy meeting with Assad in which he tried to get Assad to engage in dialogue with the rebels (43). The Turkish government representative officially impressed on Assad that it was necessary for his government to shar e power with the majority Sunni community and make major reforms in the country. However, these talks did not yield positive results since Assad was unwilling to resolve the problems facing his regime through dialogue and reforms. The good relationship between Turkey and the Syrian opposition has enabled Turkey to play an influential role in the crisis. Turkey has moderated over talks between the US and the moderate opposition forces in Syria to try and come up with a strong and unified opposition coalition that can challenge Assad. These efforts are significant since at the moment, the Syrian opposition is made up of many disparate groupings, some of which are affiliated with radical Islamic terror outfits such as Al-Qaeda. Western powers are unwilling to back a Syrian opposition that has affiliations with terrorist organizations. Turkey has therefore played a key role in initiating dialogue between the opposition and the US and some EU countries to reach a consensus on the composi tion of the Syrian opposition. Turkey and the Syrian Opposition In spite of a decade-long good relationship between the Turkish administration and the Assad regime, Turkey denounced the Syrian government following the rise of the resistance against the Assad government in March 2011. Before the Crisis, Turkey had engaged in a â€Å"zero problems† foreign policy with Syria. This policy was aimed at eliminating all the historical issues that Turkey faced with Syria and promoting trade in the region. The Syrian crisis caused Turkey to abandon this policy of disengagement and play a more pronounced role in Syrian affairs. Syrian rebels have received significant support from the Turkish government. Arango reveals that in addition to providing a permanent base for the umbrella resistance group, the Syrian National Council, the Turkish government has opened up some areas on its side of the border with Syria to the rebels. This opposition fighters are allowed to plan, coordinate, and launch their attacks against the Assad regime from Turkish soil (1). Turkey has also served as a safe harbor for military defectors from the Syrian Army. As the civil conflict in Syria carries on, hundreds of military officials have defected from Assad’s brutal regime. Turkey has offered refuge to these defectors with the Turkish Army protecting the camps where these military officials are staying (Damla 43). In the latest development in the Syrian crisis, the US and Syria’s main ally Russia have announced their intention to engage in cooperative efforts to end the conflict through diplomacy. Such action would require the participation of the Assad regime and the Syrian opposition. Leaders from Syria’s opposition coalition are going to meet under the supervision of Turkey in Istanbul to deliberate on whether they will be involved in this international conference that might probably lead to an end in the Syrian conflict. The involvement of Turkey in this matter is of great importance since as a Muslim country, Turkey has the required legitimacy that the West lacks when dealing with Syria. Military Force The Turkish government has publicly stated that it is not willing to engage in an all out military confrontation with Syria to help resolve the crisis. Because of this policy, Turkey has by the large avoided direct military involvement in the Syrian Conflict (Krajeski 1). While it would be in Turkey’s best interest for the conflict to end soon, an outright military intervention by the Turkish military in Syria would not only be expensive but very unpopular. The Turkish population is not in support of military intervention by its country’s military. For this reason, Turkey has avoided engaging in unprovoked military intervention and its actions have often been in response to Syrian strikes in its territory. In spite of the desire to avoid military action with Syria, Turkey has been forced to take some military action in retalia tion to Syrian attacks on Turkish soil. The first publicly acknowledged attack by the Turkish army took place in October 2012 following a Syrian mortar strike that hit southeastern Turkey, killing 5 Turks. This attack prompted retaliation by the Turkish army, which launched counter-battery fire into Syrian territory (Krajeski 1). In the events where Turkey has been forced to take military action to protect its borders, the situation has been quickly de-escalated by both sides. The focus on de-escalation can be seen from the fact that even when Syrian missiles have landed in Turkey, the Turkish forces have limited their retaliation measures to counterattacking the units perceived to have opened fire across the border. The reason for this is that both Turkey and Syria are keen to avoid an armed retaliation since such action would have major negative repercussions for both sides. While it is unlikely that Turkey will choose to invade Syria, the government has the power and support of t he politicians on this issue. Following fears that Syria was compromising the Turkish territory, the Turkish Parliament held a debate on the acceptability of a direct military response to Syria. On October 2012, the Parliament passed a resolution that authorized the government to send troops across the border if necessary (Arango 1). Turkey has taken steps to protect itself from threats from the Syrian Army. As a member of the major military alliance NATO, Turkey has requested for military assistance from the organization. In response to this, NATO supplied Turkey with the Patriot Missile Air Defense System in January this year to shield Ankara from its vulnerability to Syrian air attacks (Egin 65). NATO has also provided Turkey with four hundred military personnel to help fortify the Turkey-Syria border and deter any attacks from Syria. Future Role Turkey’s involvement in Syrian affairs is in part due to the self-interest of the country. An unstable Syria poses a threat to T urkey since the violence might spill over into the country. Damla asserts that a prolonged Syrian civil war will result in regional instability with an influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey and the possibility of a revival of the PKK threat from across the Syrian border (49). Ankara’s support for the opposition forces is in anticipation of the toppling of the Assad regime. Damla suggests that Turkey wants to establish a strong relationship with a possible new Syrian government and protect future investments in the country under a post-Assad administration (47). Turkey’s role can be expected to extend into the next few years regardless of the outcome of the Syrian situation. Analysts indicated that Turkey will continue to play a critical role in Syrian affairs for the next many years due to its position as a regional leader (Idrees 88). Even if the Assad regime is toppled, the Syrian opposition does not show the unity needed to pull the country from the brink and establ ish the pre-crisis normalcy that Syria enjoyed. Turkey will therefore have to play a critical role in stabilizing the country and ensuring that Syria gets back on its feet. Conclusion This paper set out to provide an in-depth description of the role that Turkey has played in Syria since the development of the Syrian crisis in 2011. It began by highlighting the reasons why Turkey is playing a pronounced role in Syria. The paper then revealed that Turkey has played a prominent role in dealing with the humanitarian crisis produced by the Syrian conflict. Turkey has also engaged in domestic diplomatic efforts to try end the conflict by talking with the Assad regime and the Syrian opposition. Turkey has also used its international influence to try to get the international community to act on the Syrian issue. In some instances, Turkey has had to engage in military action in retaliation to Syrian strikes on Turkish territory. However, the general objective has been to avoid an all out mil itary confrontation between the two countries. From this paper, it is clear that Turkey is a key player in Syrian affairs. The country’s position as a Muslim nation and a regional power has given it significant influence when dealing with the Syrian issue. Turkey’s role has been and will continue to be integral to the eventual resolution of the conflict. Works Cited Arango, T. On Edge as Syria’s War Knocks Ever Harder on the Door to Turkey. 2012. Web. Burch, J. Turkey says world must act against Syria after bombings. 2013. Web. Damla, A. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations Go Downhill.† Middle East Quarterly 19.2 (2012): 41-50. Print. Egin, O. â€Å"The game changer Syria, Iran, and Kurdish Independence.† World Affairs, 13.3 (2013): 64-72. Print. Idrees, M. â€Å"Turkey and Iran Rivalry on Syria.† Turkish Journal of International Relations 10.2 (2011): 87-99. Web. Jodi, H. Is Turkey’s approach to Syrian refugees sustainable?  2013. Web. Kouskouvelis, I. â€Å"The Problem with Turkey’s ‘Zero Problems’.† Middle East Quarterly 20.1 (2013): 47-56. Web. Krajeski, J. Will Turkey go to War. 2012. Web. Laqueur, W. â€Å"Reality Check: The Hazards of Optimism†. World Affairs 175.6 (2013): 75-83. Web. Phillips, C. â€Å"Turkey’s Syria problem.† Public Policy Research 12.3 (2012): 137-140. Web. Sly, L. â€Å"Turkey blocks Syrian refugees Turkey blocks Syrian refugees.† The Washington Post. 27. Aug. 2012. Web. Williams, P. and Colleen P. â€Å"U. S. Foreign Policy And The Arab Spring: Ten Short-Term Lessons Learned.† Denver Journal of International Law Policy 41.1 (2012): 47-61. Web. This essay on Turkey’s Role in the Syrian Crisis was written and submitted by user Mat Moth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Should the Drinking Age Be Low essays

Should the Drinking Age Be Low essays During the last thirty years, the American government has done there best to keep teenagers under strict drinking laws. This is due to the fact that teenagers have an irresponsible reputation when it comes to substance abuse. The drinking age was raised from eighteen to twenty-one within the last two decades, and although I do not agree with the change, I can see how much controversy is involved. At the age of eighteen you are given many privileges and responsibilities of an adult, but are not allowed to drink legally for three more years. To me, that does not seem fair, but the arguments made against lowering the drinking age are viable. At the age of 18, American men are required to enroll in the army, and fight for their country during times of war. This implies that they are mature enough to handle facing death, which is something that most adults are not prepared for, even in their old age. One of the main arguments for raising the drinking age was that teenagers were not drinking reasonably. I believe that if you are mature and responsible enough to fight in a gruesome war, then that should enable them to drink. However, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration did a survey on Drug Abuse, [which] shows disappointing results in the fight against youth alcohol use, reporting an estimated 9.7 million youth (27.5 percent) aged 12 to 20 reported drinking alcohol in the month prior to the survey. Of these, 6.6 million (18.7 percent) were binge drinkers and 2.1 million (6 percent) were heavy drinkers (Webb 1). This contradicts my theory that young Americans can drink responsibly, and is a g ood argument against the possibility of lowering the drinking age back to eighteen. People are able to vote at the age of 18, enabling them to participate in making decisions about who will run the country. This privilege is usually the thing that separates teenager ...

Trade Growth and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade Growth and Development - Essay Example International trade is a trade or exchange of goods between two or more nations. This can be at the individual level, organizational, company level, or at the government level. International trade occurs when there is movement of goods across national borders. Economic growth is the increase in a country’s production measured in Gross National Product or Gross National Income or income per capita (Nafziger 2005). A sign of growth in the economy is shown by the boost in the quantity of trade conducted in a country, setting up of buildings, roads among other visible factors. Economic development, on the other hand, encompasses economic growth as well as the additional factors of changes in output distribution and economic structure (Nafziger 2005). The changes include improvements in the welfare of the citizens, their level of happiness, as well as, their physical health conditions among others. Contribution of International Trade in Economic Growth and Development Looking at the impact that international trade has had on the growth and development of economies, this article will divide the impacts into two parts namely; the impacts on the developing countries and the impacts on the developed countries. Each of the two categories will look at the gains and losses that have been the result of international trade on different economies. As the previous paragraph has suggested, there are varying implications of international trade in the different economies. The first focus is based on the developing world. It explores the positive and negative impacts of international trade on the developing world.... Additionally, specialization allows a country to stick to what it can best produce and leave what it cannot to those that can do so. This leads to economic growth and development because when it specializes in what it can do best, it’s able to maximize its resources and invest proceeds on welfare services like hospitals and roads which are vital indicators of growth and development of the economy. At the same time, the costs of production are prohibitive in most developing countries. Essentially, industries incur high costs to produce commodities and then charge high prices for goods. Among other reasons, most developing economies are labour intensive when it comes to production of their goods. Though the positive aspect of this is that it has created employment to a lot of people, it, however, is costly to the government. The benefit of international trade is that it allows importation of machinery that makes production cheaper and thus enhances the efficient production of go ods. As a result, the quality of manufactured goods improves thus allowing the countries to gain more from their products as a result of increased value of exports. Due to unfavourable balance of trade, the least developing countries have also opted to embrace the concept of value addition (Morton 2011). This means that they export some finished products though they account for about 10% of their income from export (Morton 2011). Though the level of processing is not as high as it is in many developed countries, the developing countries have managed to reach a level of being manufactures and semi-manufacturers as the line between manufacturing and owning raw products is blurred (Morton 2011). This is a

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research Paper Example However, the number of teenage pregnancy in sub- Saharan nations leads the worldwide pack. On the contrary, the teenagers who find themselves pregnant face additional medical problems for their newborn babies. Mostly, these babies tend to be under weight during birth due to the ages of their mothers. On the other hand, teenage pregnancies tend to draw influence from a number of factors. First, the social issue that may include education level is a crucial influence. Additionally, the economic status from which a teenager comes from is a factor that brings about this societal problem. With these facts in mind, this paper will illustrate how teenage pregnancies tend to influence early childhood education as per a number of peer-reviewed articles as sources. Personal reflection Over the years, teenage pregnancies have greatly affected the learning progress of teenagers and young adults. In my view, society pays minimal attention to the risks involved in the discontinuity of education fo r teenagers. Arguably, the effects of teenage pregnancies vary from health related risks to emotional torment and discomfort. The health risks are greater than the other risks, as there are also the risks of contracting sexually transmitted infections. However, many teenagers have focused on pregnancies and have neglected the fact that their general reproductive health may also be at risk due early indulgence in sexual related activities. On the contrary, teenage pregnancies have found ways in which teenagers have sought to do away with the issue in secret. One of the ways in which the teenagers deal with unplanned teenage pregnancies is unsafe abortions that the authorities may not be aware of. Incidentally, unsafe abortions are the leading killers within teenagers with the mortality rates rising by the day. Ideally, the loss of a generation would mean that the education system would suffer in the end because the alarming death rates may disrupt the learning process. In this regard , reproductive health is the key aspect in which the education syllabus should base its criteria for teaching in order to ensure the number of those that discontinue learning reduces by an incredible rate. Without this, teenage pregnancies will forever remain a constant hurdle that the society will have to encounter due to the poor planning structures. Essentially, the key to minimizing the teenage pregnancies is the application of reproductive health topics within the education curricular without society being modest in any way. Causes and effects of teenage pregnancies Over the years, teenage pregnancy has become the main cause for the rise in the number of high school dropouts. Essentially, schooling forms the basic part to a comfortable future for any young boy or girl. For a woman, the amount of schooling reflects on her professional carrier, her ability to get married, and remarkably her life standards. In this regard, it is critical for a young woman to determine the time to which is appropriate for her to conceive so that her future remains as prosperous as intended. Incidentally, child upbringing is a demanding task hence the time spent on this business should have been on other matters like schooling especially for the young adults. Intense researches have shown that early teenage pregnancy may be detrimental to a woman’s life because it raises the chances of her not finishing her education compared to her childless peers. This is to mean that early parenthood lowers their chances of exploring their full

Bronchial Colonization in Pulmonary Resection Patients

Bronchial Colonization in Pulmonary Resection Patients Bronchial colonization profile of patients undergoing lung resection and its impact on infectious complications in the postoperative period. Is it necessary to evaluate the collection method and risk of contamination? Abstract: Introduction: The pattern of bronchial colonization in patients requiring pulmonary resections is little described in the literature. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the profile of bronchial colonization in patients undergoing lung resection in a general hospital through the collection of the resected specimen only. The secondary objective is to evaluate prognostic factors of infectious complications after lung resection, including the colonization of the lower airways. Methods: This was a prospective study that included all consecutive patients undergoing lung resection for noninfectious disease and without signs of acute respiratory infections. Intraoperative bronchial or lung parenchyma culture of the resected specimen was collected by the surgeon still under completely sterile conditions. A patient was considered colonized if the quantitative endobronchial culture was positive at 48h with a predominant microorganism exceeding a cutoff value of 104 colony-forming units. Results: Negative cultures were found in 81.4% of patients. Colonization with predominant bacteria (at least 104 cfu/mL) was identified in 18.6%. The rate of infectious complications was 24.42%. The incidence of postoperative pneumonia (POP) was 20.9%. POP developed at a median of 4 days after surgery. Three patients developed empyema, and of the three, 2 had both POP and empyema. None of the studied factors was associated with postoperative infectious complications Conclusion: We conclude there is colonization of the lower airways in patients undergoing lung resection in our institution. This finding, as well as the other analyzed factors, did not result in increased POP risk in this sample. The intraoperative collection method employed in this study should be further evaluated in larger studies. Introduction The lungs of healthy humans have traditionally been considered to be sterile when examined by culture-based techniques (1). In patients with lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, colonization of the lower airways (LAWs) has been well documented and associated to these diseases [2-5]. Regarding the subgroup of patients with lung diseases requiring thoracic surgeries, very few studies have described the profile of colonization of LAWs. And to the best of our knowledge, there has been no description of this subject in a Latin American country (3,6-8). However, the colonization of LAW has been associated with the risk of postoperative pneumonia (POP). Schussler et al., in a study with 507 patients and Bede et al., showed that there is significant association between bacteria in the lower airways and risk of POP [3,9], being an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. A study was carried out including all consecutive patients undergoing pulmonary resections for noninfectious diseases to investigate the profile of LAW colonization. The secondary objective is to evaluate prognostic factors of infectious complications after lung resection, including LAW colonization. Materials and Methods This prospective study consecutively included all patients submitted to lung resection for noninfectious diseases, without signs of acute respiratory infections. Patients presenting at the date of admission for planned surgery with clinical and radiological signs of pulmonary infection (fever greater than 37.7 °C, purulent sputum) were excluded from this study in cases of urgency surgery. Except for the urgencies, patients were treated with antibiotics and submitted to surgery at least 7 days after antibiotic discontinuation. Patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis were also excluded. The study was approved by the ethics committee of our institution under protocol number 209146141. All data on patient characteristics, results of microbiological studies, treatment procedures and outcome (POP) were prospectively collected through our database. We studied the following risk factors for POP: age, gender, surgical risk classification of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), cancer patients and the presence of bacteria in the lower airways. All patients were intubated with a double-lumen endobronchial tube to undergo single-lung ventilation. Bronchial or pulmonary parenchyma culture of the resected specimen was collected by the surgeon still under completely sterile conditions. A patient was considered colonized if a 48-hour culture was positive with the presence of a microorganism. A policy of early extubation was systematically employed. Decisions concerning intensive care unit (ICU) admission after resection were established based on type of resection, predicted postoperative lung function and associated comorbidities. Postoperative analgesia was achieved through one of the following methods: use of epidural catheter intermittently or intermittent intravenous analgesia with morphine and dipyrone. A regular physical therapy program was started on the day of the surgery. Oral feeding was started on Postoperative Day 1. Patients received antibiotic prophylaxis with second-generation cephalosporin (cefazolin, 2.0 g at anesthesia induction and postoperatively, 3 g/24 h for 24 h) except in cases of known or suspected allergy, or if a different type of prophylaxis was indicated [4,10]. Lung resections were performed according to standard techniques. The type of resection was recorded. The diagnoses were established by anatomopathological analysis of the resected lung specimens. Patients were assessed twice a day. Chest roentgenograms were performed postoperatively once a day during the chest drainage period. POP definition was (1) abnormal radiographic findings (new or changing radiographic infiltrates that persisted after physical therapy or bronchoaspiration) and (2) fever greater than 37.8 oC or dyspnea, and (3) one of the following criteria: a new rise in C-reactive protein level, WBC count in the previous 24 h (with WBC count > 12109/L) [3] or an increase and modification of the expectorate. All postoperative pulmonary complications were secondarily reviewed by a clinician and a thoracic surgeon. Infections occurring within one month of surgery or during in-hospital surgical stay were recorded. Wound infection was defined as a reddened, painful, and indurated wound, not necessarily associated with bacterial isolation. Empyema was defined as the presence of purulent fluid in the pleural drainage or as the isolation of pathogens from the pleural cavity. Results are expressed as percentages and means  ± standard deviation (SD). The correlation between the studied variables and postoperative infection was performed by logistic regression analysis. Data processing and analysis were performed using the statistical software MedCalc, release 12.7.0.0. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The risk factors found to be predictive of POP at univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate regression analysis, to identify independent variables. Results Between June 15, 2012, and December 15, 2013, 86 patients undergoing lung resections in our department were included in the study. Three patients were excluded from the study due to preexisting infections at the time of surgery (infectious interstitial lung disease) and six due to a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Antibiotic prophylaxis with drugs other than cefazolin was employed in three patients due to known allergy to penicillin/cephalosporins or because of coexistent cardiac valve disease. Demographic data on the remaining 86 patients, type of diseases and surgical procedures are shown in Table 1. Cancer patients comprised 53.4% of the sample. Among them, primary lung tumors (non-small cell lung cancer) were treated through major lung resection (lobectomy or pneumonectomy). Pulmonary metastases were treated through segmentectomy. Also regarding cancer patients, some patients were submitted to segmentectomy for diagnosis of interstitial infiltrate, which showed to be lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Among the benign diseases, lobectomy and pneumonectomy were used in all patients with bronchiectasis. Segmentectomy was used for interstitial lung diseases and benign nodules that included patients with scar tissue and inflammatory nodules, in addition to hamartomas. Regarding the length of preoperative hospital length of stay, 52% of patients were admitted 1 (one) day prior to surgery (Figure 1). Negative cultures were obtained in 70 of 86 (81.4%) patients. Colonization with predominant bacteria was identified in 16 of 86 cases (18.6%). Colonization by pathogenic bacteria occurred in 10.4% of all patients (9/86). Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli species represented the most frequently involved microorganisms (Table 2). Gram-negative bacteria were obtained from cultures in nine cases. None of the patients had polymicrobial colonization. The complication rate was 24.4% (21/86). The incidence of POP was 20.9% (18 /86). POP developed at a median of 4 (1-9) days after surgery. Empyema developed in 3 patients, and of the three, 2 had both POP and empyema. Patients with POP frequently required mechanical ventilation (40.2%), and in-hospital mortality was 22%. Of the 16 colonized patients, 4 (25%) had POP, whereas among non-colonized patients, POP occurred in 14 of 70 cases (20%) (Figure 2). For all variables analyzed separately, the p value was greater than 0.05 and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) included the number 1, indicating that no variable significantly influenced POP incidence, according to the available sample. Still, some alternatives were used aiming to identify some underlying statistical relevance, such as stratifying age ranges, transforming age into a categorical variable or considering the minimum value of p as 0.1, so that the variable would be subsequently analyzed in a multivariate model. However, no statistically significant impact was identified for any variable (Tables 3). Multivariate analysis was not performed due to the negative results of the univariate analysis. Discussion The colonization of LAW in patients undergoing thoracic surgery is scarcely mentioned in the literature. It is known that patients with some lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have atypical pulmonary flora [11-18], but patients submitted to lung resection usually include a much wider range of diseases. The study of this profile in different institutions is important to better understand the predominant bacterial flora and whether there is or not impact on the risk of infectious complications and whether antibiotic prophylaxis needs to be reviewed. Some studies have shown that LAW colonization increases the risk of POP (2,8,9). Other studies even suggest that, as it influences the risk of POP, LAW colonization would require a change in antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery (3,7). However, it is necessary to evaluate the collection method and risk of contamination of the collected samples. Our study described a heterogeneous flora, with many non-pathogenic microorganisms, but with an incidence (18.6%) that is comparable to that found in other studies. Yamada et al., in their study with 626 patients and Schussler et al., who assessed 478 patients in 2008, found 12.8% and 14.7% of LAW colonization, respectively (3,8). Belda et al. and Ionas et al. reported 83% and 41% of LAW colonization, respectively [9,6]. However, to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first that used the culture collection method performed by the surgeon, while still under completely sterile conditions in all patients. Previously, Ionas et al. used this technique, but in combination with protected specimen brush (PSB) through bronchoscopy in 41 patients (6). On the other hand, all studies used bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or PSB as collection method (2,3,6,8,9). Schussler et al. reported that they initially attempted to collect cultures from the resected specimens in the first 30 patients, bu t as culture results were negative, they gave up on the method, although it appears to be a more reliable result (2). It is also noteworthy that our study involved patients with different lung diseases and this fact may have influenced the incidence of bacteria in LAWs, unlike previous studies that were carried out in patients with the same disease, most with early-stage lung cancer. According to the literature, BAL is influenced by factors such as: the collected volume, when less than 100 mL, can increase contamination by mucus and airway cells; smokers and patients with COPD may have decreased volume of the recovered fluid. This method has sensitivity and specificity values ranging between 42-93% and 45-100%, respectively [19]. In addition to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), the PSB method is a procedure with greater specificity, due to lower chance of sample contamination caused by the bronchoscope passage through regions such as the oral mucosa or contact with tracheal and bronchial secretions, compared to unprotected BAL [20]. On the other hand, the risk of sample contamination exists and operational costs are not feasible in most Latin American institutions. We understand that intraoperative collection eliminates the risk of contamination from other airway areas and the sterile conditions of the environment and operating team also warrants that the chance of c ontamination during material handling is also minimal. We found no association between bronchial colonization and POP, perhaps because there were few patients with pathogenic bacteria (10.4%). Yamada et al. also found no association between LAW colonization and POP in their study (8). Belda et al. described 35.8% of patients colonized with pathogenic bacteria. Schusller et al., in 2006, first reported an incidence of 22.8% of LAW colonization by pathogenic bacteria (9,2). These studies showed an association between LAW colonization and POP. However, once again, differently from our study, they collected culture samples through PSB and BAL, increasing the chance of contamination with the upper airways and thus, possibly increasing the number of patients with positive culture and pathogens. Consequently, our results might represent the actual bacterial flora of LAWs more accurately. Another interesting factor is that Schussler et al. found a correlation between the colonizing bacteria and the causative agent of POP in only 5 of 50 patients and this finding was not statistically significant. Ionas et al. and Yamada et al. also found the same result regarding this correlation between colonizing bacteria and bacterial agent identified in patients who developed POP (3,6,8). The incidence of POP was relatively high (20.9%), but compatible with literature data. Radu et al. described seventy-six cases (24.4%) of pulmonary resections that were complicated by postoperative pulmonary infections (7). Belda et al. described POP in 31% of the patients (9). Regarding mortality in patients with POP, the literature shows mixed results, with a mortality rate of up to 40% (2, 21). Possibly, the higher mortality is associated with the profile of operated patients. Belda et al. reported 13% of deaths in patients submitted to pulmonary resections only for early-stage primary lung cancer (9). Our study showed a mortality rate of 22% in individuals with POP. However, our sample included patients with metastatic cancer and severe inflammatory diseases. Our study has some limitations. Ours is a small sample and, therefore, we believe that other studied factors did not influence the risk of infection. Moreover, we did not isolate microorganisms during the postoperative period in patients who developed POP, to be compared with LAW cultures collected during surgery. The analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis was not performed, because LAW colonization did not appear as a risk factor for POP. In the last decade, culture-independent DNA-based techniques have demonstrated that much more complex microbial communities reside in the lower airways, where bacterial culture has failed to reliably demonstrate resident bacteria. (22). Unfortunately, these techniques are not yet available in our institution. We conclude that lower-airway colonization is found in patients undergoing lung resection in our institution. This finding, as well as the other analyzed factors, did not result in increased POP risk in this sample. The intraoperative collection method employed in this study should be further evaluated in larger studies to define the risk of POP associated with LAW colonization. Table 1 – Preoperative clinical status and surgical procedures performed Table 2 – Colonization profile of lower airways Table 3 – Univariate analysis to identify possible risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Figure 1. Number of preoperative in-hospital length of stay. Figure 2. Incidence of postoperative pneumonia (POP).

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Global distribution channels vary in general because everyone is trying to discover a way to make money without getting the flow of current distribution channels. Each channel is a very important chapter in the process of the global channel in order for the world to obtain some type of harmony within the distributing between the channels. The article discusses brand management on a global scale. Marketing across cultures can be done with Theodore Levitt's idea for exploiting the "economics of simplicity" with standardized products, packaging, and communication. Global brands become symbols of cultural ideals; therefore, transnational companies have to offer a high-value product that deliver the cultural myths consumers are looking for. The Global Brands Study found consumers associate global brands with three characteristics (quality signal, global myth, and social responsibility), which are used to evaluate them when making purchase decisions. Global consumers are segmented into four categories: global citizens, global dreamers, anti-globals, and global agnostics. More than two decades ago, Harvard Business School professor Theodore Levitt provocatively declared in a 1983 HBR article, "The Globalization of Markets," that a global market for uniform products and services had emerged. He argued that corporations should exploit the "economics of simplicity" and grow by selling standardized products all over the worl...

Arthur Miller’s Treatment of Women Essay

Throughout â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, Arthur Miller presents a very bleak view of women. From the male opinion, to their place in the play, women were subjugated. Some may think this was just a role set out by Arthur Miller for this play. I find this difficult to believe given the ubiquity, leaving me to think that Mr. Miller is an unrelenting misogynist. This is not only demonstrated by the superficial factors such as, dialogue, events, but also the subtle nuances. Factors like setting and relationships. Through this essay I will make clear Arthur Millers true opinion on women evident via events, characters, setting, relationships and dialogue; the much concealed misogyny of Arthur Miller, and Death of a Salesman. The most apparent demonstration of Arthur Millers misogyny was through the dialogue. One of numerous occasions the Loman men objectified women was while Happy and Biff are having a boorish conversation about a past girl they had both slept with, that was my first time I think. Boy, there was a pig! (Death of a Salesman, page 21) Pigs are known as foul and dirty ubiquitously throughout a variety of different cultures and religions. I vehemently cannot see a greater disrespect than associating this animal with a human being. I dont think there could be more a dehumanizing comment. Throughout the novel the Loman men, especially Happy referred to women as creatures. This once again, is utterly disrespectful; it classifies women as subhuman. A common misconception about poor-standing characters in novels is that they dont necessarily represent the authors beliefs. This is something that I couldnt agree with more, but in order for this to happen, you have to demonstrate an opposite; a moral high ground, which Arthur Miller doesnt do whatsoever. Not once does a character stand in opposition nor do they present an alternative to the Loman misogyny. Events throughout the novel stand in no conflict to the soon to be obvious thesis, that Mr. Miller is a misogynist. I think there is no better example of his misogynic behavior than that of the primary character; Willy cheating on his wife Linda with a more appealing woman. But why might Willy seek another woman when he had a loyal wife at home? The only apparent reason is because his respect for women seems to be absolutely foreign. Even when his son Biff catches his father in the act, there is no sorrow for Linda. The  only distress felt is Biff disappointment in his father for having no willpower. One might think that those tears were for Linda, but this is clearly not true. If Biff really cared so deeply for his mother he would have told her about what had happened, something he did not do. This wasnt the only event that demonstrates Millers women hating ways. Early on in the novel Willy states disappointment with Linda over something as simple as purchasing cheese. This clearl y exemplifies a belief that women are incapable of doing anything correctly. Arthur Miller, like everything women related, had a very sour view on relationships. For starters, Happy, Stanley and Biff viewed women as form of entertainment, a game for them to hunt. They saw no emotion, nothing human; all they saw was a trophy. I assume one might say that, that wasnt the role Linda played. Which is true, but I must ask in return, was she free from denigration? Linda was issued just as little respect, apparent or not. For example anytime the conversation involved Linda, she had little importance in it, or was purely ignored. The only time she could get a word in is when she was involved in a one on one conversation; otherwise she was virtually demoted to the status of a doormat. A key factor of Arthur Millers misogyny was established through the settling and the American culture. This play is thought to take place in a morally primitive state in history. This was a very hierarchical time, when blacks didnt have the vote and women were still viewed as less than human. To even expect Arthur Miller to jet set equality would be a ridiculous request. I dont think Arthur Miller was an above and beyond typical misogyny, more complied with the post great depression time. This doesnt make it right it just demonstrates a large precedent that Mr. Miller obviously followed. With this time came a belief to fulfill the American Dream. The three primary components on the American Dream were fame, wealth and women. This isnt to say that there isnt a more politically correct way to get women. At this time women were viewed and thought as something to be swept away. Even to this day there is a certain expectation of male dominances that men comply with and women expect. For e xample, the stigma of a girl asking out a boy on a date. If it wasnt for our past cultures standards Arthur Miller wouldnt  have complied with this misogyny, and nor would the rest of society. Throughout this essay I express a non-obvious thesis that Arthur Miller was a misogynist as demonstrated in his famous play, Death of a Salesman. This sentiment was expressed in virtually every facet of this play; from the palpable dialogue, to the subtle nuances of Willys misogynistic relationship with Linda. The stink of Mr. Millers misogyny is ever prevalent but why? As previously mentioned, I speculate the reason stems from cultures treatment of the women; but if one complies with culture isnt one justified or thought of as righteous? This is a catch twenty-two, righteousness is essentially made up of societal majority, something that Arthur Miller complied with. Unfortunately standards have changed and with that so did what was right. Mr. Miller is by means no demon, just another person demonized by an evolved society.

The Major Religions of Ancient India